Library service. Melent'eva Y. The object of modern library science Melent'eva Y. P. The object of modern library science

Melent'eva Yu.P.

Answer to the opponent

Courtesy of Yu.N. Stolyarov's text of his article on the criticism of the "Code of Ethics of the Russian Librarian", before its publication, allows me, as one of the main developers of this document, to promptly respond to the comments and considerations expressed.

Overcoming the temptation to object to the criticism of Yu.N. Stolyarov in his own style - the style of “ frantic Vissarion", Using such expressions as" newly appeared theorists "," uncritical imposition of Western ideological stereotypes "," the code is a funny toy for library bureaucrats ", etc. of the century before last, the methods of rhetoric, I would like to answer on the merits.

All claims of Yu.N. Stolyarov's "Code ..." is essentially reduced to the following.

First, he doubts that such a "peaceful specialty" as a library profession needs a code of ethics, believing that such a code is needed only for specialists "working in extreme conditions."

Secondly, he believes that the Russian (Russian) librarian, by virtue of his mentality, unlike Western colleagues, does not need a code of ethics, and the development of the Code of the Russian Librarian is just a tribute to fashion - a simple imitation of Western models undertaken by the developers of the Code ... "Only to" earn the praise of someone somewhere abroad "(as they used to write -" foreign owners "? - Yu.M.).

Thirdly, Yu.N. Stolyarov does not accept the main provisions of the "Code of Ethics of the Russian Librarian" because he is categorically against the "invented principle of freedom of information", which the "Code ..." asserts.

Well, I'll try to answer.

1. Professional ethics as a scientific field has developed as a result of understanding the relationship between professionals in any field of activity with society as a whole. The result of this understanding - a code of professional ethics - in essence, is an agreement between society and the professional community. Such an agreement makes it possible to protect the values ​​of the profession from the influence of not always fair public opinion, on the one hand, and on the other hand, it allows to protect society from the so-called professional criticism, i.e. professionally limited thinking.

The development of problems of professional ethics is an indicator of a high level of professional consciousness, an indicator of the development of a profession, as well as an indicator of the free development of a profession in society.

Recently, in connection with the change in the ideological and moral climate in our country, in many professional spheres a need has arisen to develop professional codes. So, during the 1990s. developed and adopted "The Code of Professional Ethics of the Russian Journalist" (with the most important provision, which, of course, could not have been before: "in carrying out his professional activity, the journalist observes the laws of his country, but rejects interference in his activities by the government or anyone else") , "Code of Ethics for the Communicator", "Code of Honor for Russian Businessmen", etc.

Obviously, these professions cannot be counted among the extreme. And even the profession of a journalist cannot be recognized as such, since only a small part of the total number of professionals work in “hot spots”. However, all these professions have something in common. They are united first of all by the fact that in the professional consciousness of the ministers of these professional spheres there is a differentiation of the values ​​of civil society and the state, an understanding that the qualified performance of professional duties for the benefit of society is often impossible to combine with the values ​​of the state. In the cases mentioned, priority is given to the values ​​of civil society, as is customary in democratic countries, to which Russia now considers itself, in contrast to countries with a totalitarian regime.

It is noteworthy that in such seemingly well-established professional spheres that have a centuries-old code of ethics, such as medicine, discussions on medical ethics have resumed in recent years (for example, on the admissibility of abortion, autanasia, etc.). This is happening not only because of the changed socio-economic and technological conditions, but also because of the change in attitudes towards personal freedom. In general, in recent years, interest in ethical issues has grown markedly; New sciences are rapidly developing - bioethics, ecoethics, etc.

The question of whether the library professional community in Russia needs a code of ethics in the new conditions of its development was the first to be answered by specialists - members of one of the first public unions of librarians in the country - the Moscow Library Association (MBA).

In vain Yu.N. Stolyarov believes that the answer to this question was sought by "newly appeared theorists". The search for the concept of a professional code of ethics for a librarian was led by well-known people who have not only academic titles and degrees, but also real authority among their colleagues. This is T.E. Korobkina - the first president of the IBA; M. Ya. Dvorkin, whose works on the problems of information accessibility, the mission of libraries in society, etc. are studied by students of library universities; G.P. Diyanskaya, whose work in library services to blind users is well known; S.A. Ezova, who has been dealing with the relationship between the librarian and the user for more than two decades; O. L. Kabachek is one of the first Russian certified library psychologists; G.A. Altukhova, whose articles for the first time attracted the attention of the general public to the problem of the ethics of library services; L.M. Stepachev is the leading bibliographer of VGBIL, who analyzed the process of forming a professional code of ethics for librarians in the USA and other countries.

I dare to hope that the author of these lines, who has worked in the industry for more than 30 years, did not look like an outsider as the leader of this research group. Such well-known people in the library world as Yu.A. Grikhanov, E.R. Sukiasyan and many others.

The complexity of the problem required the involvement of experts as well: Yu.A. Schrader is a famous modern philosopher, author of numerous books on ethics, and E.A. Yablokova is a prominent specialist in professional psychology and professional ethics.

As a result of studying the problem, it was concluded that the librarian profession, having freed itself from ideological oppression that hindered the normal development of professional consciousness, must determine its true professional values ​​and ethical standards of the librarian's relationship with the state, society, user (reader), and also colleagues.

However, all this is known and published long ago. Since 1993, when the idea of ​​creating a "Code ..." appeared, and until its adoption by the session of the Russian Library Association (1999), dozens of discussions, seminars, "round tables", etc. have been held. Their materials were widely published in the professional press, in the "RBA Bulletin" ", as well as on the RBA website.

The author of these lines has at home more than a dozen letters "from the field", from various libraries, from various people with proposals for the "Code ...". Not a single critic, even the most negatively disposed towards the proposed version of the document, doubted its fundamental necessity for the further development of the profession.

There is especially great interest and need for the "Code ..." on the periphery, where the librarian is forced to especially staunchly defend his professional values ​​and professional dignity (however, just like a journalist, entrepreneur, etc.) purposes.

The real need for the "Code ..." is also confirmed by the extensive lists of those who signed up to discuss it at the RBA round table in St. Petersburg (1998), Tver (2000), Saratov (2001), as well as those that even before the publication of "Codex ..." in the form of a poster (circulation 3 thousand) in 2001, some local library societies, for example, Novosibirsk, published "Codex ..." on their own and distributed it in their regions. So it is in vain that Yu.N. Stolyarov offends the Russian librarian, thinking that he, like Krylov's cat Vaska, “listens and eats”, is indifferent to everything in the world. On the contrary, unlike the "Law on Librarianship", which is of a semi-official nature, the "Code ..." is perceived by librarians very vividly, with obvious personal interest, and Yu.N. Stolyarov is that the "Code ..." is not in demand by the professional society - it is not fair.

2. Appealing for some reason to K. Marx (I think, not the greatest authority on this issue), Yu.N. Stolyarov argues that the mentality of the Russian person (in his opinion, "more scientific, or better to say, fair, than the Western." - ?? - Yu.M.) does not need laws at all, including the "Code ...". " After all, they did without the code of ethics Sobolshchikov and Stasov, Fedorov and Rubakin"He exclaims. Well, what can you say? You never know what a Russian man had to do without!

Seriously speaking, it is incorrect to put the question in this way. First, in the aforementioned Yu.N. Stolyarov's time, the level of development of the profession and professional self-awareness was completely different, and secondly, there was no such thing as today the correlation of forces of the state and civil society, and therefore there was no such need to defend professional values. Finally, both Rubakin and Fedorov, undoubtedly, adhered to certain ethical standards in serving readers, which existed, albeit implicitly, in various "Rules", "Prescriptions", etc.

It should also be noted that although the concept Russian mentality is used quite actively (by the way, there is no consensus in science about this phenomenon), the concept Russian mentality, which is used as a synonym by Yu.N. Stolyarov does not exist. And finally, even if we agree with Yu.N. Stolyarov is that Russian mentality interferes with the adoption of the "Code ...", after all, not only representatives of Russian nationality work in the libraries of Russia.

It is quite obvious that today, despite the peculiarities of its development, Russia actively enters the world community, vividly perceives international standards in various areas of life (such as, for example, human rights, environmental protection, education, healthcare, the fight against crime and terrorism ). In reality, however, these procedures are at the level of bringing professionals closer together, including bringing their professional consciousness closer together. This is what determines the well-known similarity (which seems unacceptable to my opponent) of the professional codes of ethics adopted in different countries. This fully applies to the "Code of Ethics of the Russian Librarian", the development of which, of course, was preceded by a deep study of similar documents in force in other countries (USA, England, France, Slovakia, etc.).

Not a single profession today can develop in a space limited by national (state) frameworks. Although in our history there have been attempts to create a "Soviet biology", a "red librarian", etc., it is known what caused this and what led to it.

And only the deformation of professional consciousness under the influence of political factors that forced the librarian to define his role as ideological, “protective”, regardless of the essential functions of the library, can explain what exists so far “ our librarian, which the does not accept the role of a passive performer of any whims of the reader", As writes Yu.N. Stolyarov.

Disrespect for the individual, the desire to bring it to a "common denominator", the desire to limit, regulate its freedom, including intellectual, informational, the perception of personal, everyday needs of a person as a "whim", widespread in society as a whole, was, of course, typical and for a number of people who work in the library and see the purpose of their work in "forming the reader." Fortunately, today there are not many such specialists left, especially among practical workers, who clearly understand that the modern reader values ​​in the library, first of all, the breadth and availability of information. In this regard, we have to state with sadness that my opponent has not moved away from the position of defending the ideological function of the library, which is very far from the needs of modern library reality.

It seems that Yu.N. Stolyarov is cunning (he cannot but understand this) when, giving a dictionary definition of ideology as "a system of political, legal, religious and moral views ...", he speaks of his fearlessness before this "bogey" that frightens the library scientist of the "democratic formation." The point is, and Yu.N. Stolyarov, of course, knows that our libraries were forced to support for a long time. only one, "The only correct ideology." This is what I would not like to return to. It is not true that “the library has nowhere to hide from ideology,” as Yu.N. Stolyarov. it book always carries some kind of definite ideology as a system of views, while a free library- a collection of books - can and should enable the reader to know them all! However, the defense of the ideological function of the library by Yu.N. Stolyarov is quite logical, given that he is categorically against the "invented principle of freedom of information."

3. I would not like to oversimplify the problem of freedom of access to information. Of course, the developers of the "Code ..." understood as well as Yu.N. Stolyarov that freedom of access to information is not only a blessing, that it also presupposes access to "negative", "bad", "unwanted" information. Hundreds of publications are devoted to this contradiction, an attempt to resolve it, in the conditions of the library. And here, it seems to me, it remains to say, paraphrasing the well-known expression - freedom of information is a terrible thing, but nothing better has been invented yet.

Put between a powerful element of information that has swept the whole society today, and its consumer, the library, as a barrier, as a filter, for whatever good purposes this is done, is not only technically impossible, but also unprofessional. This would mean turning the user away from the library, forcing him to bypass it. (By the way, librarians of Western countries have long understood this, having faced various aspects of the problem of freedom of information much earlier than their Russian colleagues.) This would be suicidal for a library. The library as a social institution would, in fact, be excluded from the information process. In any case, it is inappropriate to put on the "shoulders" of the library a problem that cannot be solved at the global level.

It seems that it is more reasonable not to deny and prohibit freedom of information in a library, but to promote the development of the user's information culture, which includes not only technological, but also humanitarian, in particular ethical aspects. This is how many librarians, who accept the Codex with satisfaction, see their task.

It is characteristic, however, that Yu.N. Stolyarov, who does not accept the Code of Ethics ... sees the need to create Ethics Council where ethical conflicts would be dealt with.

I will say right away that there was such a proposal, but the developers of the "Code ..." considered it unacceptable, although some countries, for example Great Britain, have such a council as part of the national library association.

Yu.A. Schrader in his letter to me wrote about this: “... the sad experience of our country, the creation of“ triplets ”,“ personal files ”, etc., the general low moral level of society makes us very much afraid that such a body could do more harm, than good. The meaning of the "Code ..." is not to condemn someone in particular, but to gradually influence the general ethical situation in the profession, We must know, what we are breaking. The guarantee of ethical standards is only in our desire to comply with them. " Well said!

In no case does one want to be understood in the sense that the text of the "Code ..." is impeccable and does not need to be corrected. In all discussions, in the articles of the author of these lines about the "Code ..." it is emphasized that this open a document that needs to be revised, corrected, clarified, etc., as has been done, for example, in the United States for more than a hundred years.

Already, comments are being collected and analyzed, which will help improve this document over time. For example, it is obvious that it is worth introducing into the "Code ..." a provision stating that the librarian is responsible for the fund entrusted to him(and then, perhaps, Yu.N. Stolyarov will not have to talk about the need to include in the "Code ..." the concept professional integrity as a specific quality inherent only to the librarian, or to require that a provision be introduced that the bibliophile should not be hired by the library).

Many professionals were involved in the discussion of the "Code ..." The responses are sent to the address of the author of these lines, to the editorial offices of professional journals, etc. Live participation in this process Yu.N. Stolyarov, who did a lot for libraries in the past, and is now more interested in documentary and literary problems (and no one, it seems, called him a "new-born Pushkinist"), is certainly positive. I only wish that this criticism did not come from the positions of the day before yesterday.

Professional values ​​of a librarian as the basis of his professional ethics. Seminar. May 14-16, 1996. Abstracts. report M., RAGS, 1996.

Head of the Department of Reading Problems of the Scientific Center for Research on the History of Book Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor. Honored Worker of Culture of the Russian Federation.

Deputy Chairman of the Scientific Council on Reading Problems of the Russian Academy of Education. Vice President of the Russian Reading Association. Member of the Editorial Council of the journal. "Library Science" (2000-2005); Member of the editorial board of the journal. Bibliosphere (Novosibirsk); Member of the editorial board of the journal. "Bibliography"; Member of the editorial board of zhurn. "University Book"; Member of the editorial board of zhurn. "Modern Library"; Member of the Academic Council for the defense of dissertations at MGUKI; Member of the Academic Council for the defense of dissertations of the Moscow State Academy of Polygraphy; Member of the Academic Council of the Russian Book Chamber.

One of the leading Russian librarians. Her theoretical work largely contributes to the formation of the professional worldview of the modern thinking librarian. Her contribution to the study of the history of reading traditions in Russia and the definition of the characteristics of modern reading culture is especially great.

As a teacher, MGUKI has formed more than one generation of librarians and researchers now working in libraries in different regions of the country.

Member of the Council of the Russian Library Association (1999-2005), Head of the Round Table "Communication and Professional Ethics of the Librarian" (1999-2007)

She made an invaluable contribution to the creation of the first edition of the "Code of Professional Ethics of the Russian Librarian" (1999), having organized the Round Table "Communication and Professional Ethics of the Librarian" at the Russian Library Association.

Melent'eva Yu.P.
Object of modern library science

[Library science. - 2004. - No. 6. - P.26-31]

The definition of the object of library science, as you know, is one of the most important and still controversial problems of our science.
The ascent of knowledge from the empirical to the theoretical level made it possible already at the beginning of the 20th century, in the pre-October period, to propose basic ideas about the essence of library science as an independent science and about the object of library science. This was done by S.D. Maslovsky, K.I. Rubinsky, V.A. Stein, L.B. Khavkina and others 1
The history of the issue shows that, in fact, for almost a century there has been a confrontation between two positions: the understanding of library science as a science of the library (interpreted more or less broadly) and the concept of library science as a science of the activities of the library (library activity).
The idea of ​​a library as an object of branch science was put forward by L.B. Khavkina 2. She considered the library "as a definite organism, which is composed of three elements: the book, the librarian and the reader." This approach was the first to give an understanding of the systematic nature of the object of library science. Later, the views of L.B. Khavkina were developed by other researchers, for example A.V. Klenov, who considered it necessary to actively study the cause-and-effect relationships between the structural elements (book, librarian, reader) of the library science object.
In the same period, a very promising, in our opinion, modern-sounding concept of library science "as a science, the purpose of which is to study librarianship in the context of the historical development of society in connection with economic, social and cultural processes" was put forward (K.I. Rubinsky). He saw in the library an organism that obeys the general laws of life.
After the revolution in Russia, as you know, a fierce ideological struggle began, which could not but affect the determination of the status of many sciences of a social and humanitarian nature, including library science.
During the 1930-1950s. a discussion took place, flaring up, then fading away, in the course of which “Soviet” librarianship was opposed to “bourgeois” and was defined as a class, ideological science.
In fact, during this period the possibility and necessity of the very study of the essence of library activity at the theoretical level was rejected, "since there is a system of views of the classics of Marxism on the book and the library."
And although in the 1960s. the situation softened, it was against this background that the well-known discussion of 1976–1979 took place, which opened with the article by A.Ya. Chernyak. Based on the experience of predecessors, A.Ya. Chernyak defined the object of librarianship as a “book - library - reader” system, emphasizing its open nature and demonstrating a broad humanistic and cultural approach to understanding the essence of librarianship.
The main opponent of A.Ya. Chernyak became Yu.N. Stolyarov, who completed the construction of L.B. Khavkina as the fourth structural element and defined the library as a four-element structure as an object of librarianship: “book - librarian - reader - material and technical base”.
The main provisions of this concept are widely known.
The inclusion of the fourth element in the concept - "material and technical base" - was apparently determined by the fact that during the years of the concept creation (1970–1980), the technical capabilities of libraries underwent significant changes: technical progress came to libraries, and this phenomenon should was to be comprehended.
It should be said that the concept of Yu.N. Stolyarov, since the term "library" as generalizing, as a fundamental concept was more meaningfully rich, compared to other terms that were also proposed by the participants in the discussion to designate the object of librarianship: "librarianship" (KI Abramov, N.S. Kartashov, G.K. Kuzmin); "Library system" (GA Zhidkov). These concepts can only be considered as private in relation to the term "library".
Nor did K.I. Rubinsky's idea of ​​M.A. Konovalova and A.I. Stop about "library activity" as an object of librarianship.
However, even at that time it was obvious that the concept of Yu.N. Stolyarova is not perfect.
The weak point of this concept was, in the opinion of its critics, the fact that, firstly, in this concept, the object and the subject of research merge together: according to the author of the concept, the subject of science is nothing more than an abstract reproduction of its object 3, which is very controversial and in the opinion of other researchers, it significantly narrows the content field of our science 4.
Secondly, there is no “control” element in the concept. “Its absence means that the library cannot be classified as a managed object. Meanwhile, both library and librarianship are managed objects, otherwise they could not function ”5.
Thirdly, the “material and technical base”, named as the fourth structural element, is not specific to the library, since it is obvious that any institution has it, be it a school, shop, bathhouse, etc. 6
In addition, we note the inaccuracy of the definition of "material and technical base": after all, strictly speaking, the library fund can also be attributed to the material and technical base of the library.
Fourth, over time, it became obvious that further clarification by the author of this "quadriga": instead of "book - librarian - reader - material and technical base" - "document - personnel - user - material and technical base" - made the whole definition of the object not specific to librarianship as a whole, since the document, user, MTB and staff are characteristic of both the archive and the bookstore, museum, etc. The author, however, did not see his own mistake in this substitution, but concluded that the library is a part of the documentation system, and therefore, library science is a part of “records management” 7.
Today, it is increasingly clear that there are far more differences than similarities between a library, an archive, a museum and a bookstore. Often united in the historical past, the library and the museum are now diverging further and further.
The next fifth one can also be added - an argument against the definition of the object of library science given by Yu.N. Stolyarov, namely: the definition of a library as a four-element structure as an object of librarianship takes such kind of libraries as personal libraries, which are a very noticeable part of the culture of any country, beyond the framework of librarianship. Meanwhile, just as personal art collections cannot be excluded from the context of museology, so personal libraries cannot be taken out of the framework of library science 9. Moreover, all librarianship began mainly with personal libraries, and the fate of personal libraries can be very bizarre and often have a very significant impact on the development of all librarianship: the most famous example of this is the library of Count N.P. Rumyantsev, which became the basis of the Russian State Library.
The same reproach can be attributed to a new type of libraries - electronic. They also do not "fit" into the design proposed by Yu.N. Stolyarov.
Thus, it has recently become more and more clear that the definition of the object of library science needs to be rethought.
Obviously, modern librarianship should no longer be satisfied with a concept that, in fact, denies librarianship in independence, considering it as part of an unknown documentology 10, denies even the independence of the librarian profession 11, and leaves out of the framework the most important areas of librarianship, such management of the library and library networks, the formation of a professional press and professional consciousness, social, partnership and international cooperation of libraries and much more. All the living essence of a modern, actively developing library remains outside the framework of this concept.
This concept does not stand up to the changes that have taken place in connection with informatization, the emerging electronic environment in all its complexity does not in any way "squeeze" into the proposed rigid scheme.
The documentary paradigm of library science, on the positions of which the author of the existing concept insists, is in sharp contradiction with internationally accepted ideas about the library as an information institution.
Therefore, by the way, the real strengthening of the information concept of the library 12, including through the active use of the term "information", seems to the author to be dangerous for the development of library science 13, although it is quite obvious that the new terminology does not arise by chance, it has its own logic of development, reflects reality and poorly amenable to external regulation.
While reproaching modern researchers for being overly compliant with “informatics”, the author of the concept (and this is very indicative!) Considers it positive that in the 1960s librarians “resisted” in discussions with the emerging informatics and did not agree to a rapprochement of positions 14. Meanwhile, there is another understanding of the now distant situation - “it is enough to recall the damage that the USSR library system suffered as a result of the subjective 15 confrontation between library scientists and informatics, which lasted since the 1960s. until about the 1990s, its echoes are still felt today ”16.
It is strange that, speaking about the danger of the dominance of the term "informational" for the development of librarianship, Yu.N. Stolyarov sees no danger for our science in the dissemination of the terms “documentary”, “documentary”, “documentary” from his active “submission”, as well as the reasoning that library science is only part of documentary science, that the librarian is not a profession, but a specialty profession "documentary".
Thus, it is obvious that it is not library science that is "in danger", but the concept of library science proposed by Yu.N. Stolyarov, which objectively hinders the development of science more and more.
There is nothing surprising in the fact that some theories die off, giving way to others: this is how scientific knowledge moves.
Today, when a library is not only "a book, a reader, a librarian and a material and technical base", but also information technologies, and management technologies, and social connections of the library, and professional communications and much more, when the library is a complex, self-organizing, a nonlinearly developing organism, a relatively independent part of which is also a part of a more complex whole, this is already understood by many: “For library science to be considered a completely“ equal ”science, it is necessary to bring it to the level of modern scientific requirements, to rethink its constituent parts, scientific tools in a new, changed situations. It is necessary to investigate and show how the object of library science has changed, its subject matter, how the laws of this science, methods, methodology itself have changed ”17.
It should be noted that such studies are already emerging. More and more often there are works in which the library is viewed as a complex, living organism 18 changing the status and meaning of its existence 19 before our eyes. The concepts of V.P. Leonova, M.S. Slobodyanik, A.M. Stakhevich, A.S. Chachko and others 20
So, V.P. Leonov proposed to consider as an object of librarianship not the library, not librarianship, but the library process, 21 close to this is the understanding of other St. Petersburg scientists, who propose to return to understanding library activities as an object of librarianship. These approaches seem to be very productive for the development of the theory of library science, although it is rightly noted that neither the library process, nor library activity can be an object of library science, since they proceed within the framework of another object - the library 22.
The observation of V.P. Leonova about the "double life" of the library, about its deep connection with the culture and history of the country and the world 23, about the library as a "symphony", about Russian library culture.
For all their differences, all these concepts emphasize the need and necessity for the definition of the object of librarianship to reflect the integrity and dynamics of objective reality.
The problem of studying the library as a whole seems to be extremely important. By breaking the problem into parts, structural elements, fragments, one can achieve the fact that complex tasks and objects become, as it were, more cognizable, but this comes at the cost of losing our sense of connection in relation to the whole, understanding the behavior of complex systems in time and space.
It is interesting that the problem of studying the "whole" is also acute in other sciences close to library science, for example, in bibliology: even M.N. Kufaev spoke about the need to study the "whole book" 24. How can the object of librarianship be defined today, taking into account the rapid development of library practice?
It is known that the object of cognition is a set of qualitatively defined phenomena and processes of reality, significantly different in their internal nature, basic features and laws of functioning and development from other objects of this reality.
Thus, as an object of cognition, it is necessary to consider a certain objective reality, and as its subject - those aspects and features of the object that are covered by the study 25.
For example, the object of historical science is the entire set of phenomena of social life throughout the entire history of society. The subject of cognition is a certain integral set of the most essential properties and attributes of the object of cognition, which is being studied.
If the object of cognition is a reality independent of the cognizing subject, then the subject of cognition is a part of this reality that is singled out or attracts his attention.
Based on these general methodological provisions, it can be argued that the object of cognition in library science is “the evolution of the library in space and time”, and the subject of cognition is a part (time period, direction of activity, process, etc.) of this reality.
As a result of evolution, a new qualitative state of the object arises. The object is considered, firstly, from the point of view of its internal structure: not as a mechanical set of separate elements, connections, dependencies, but as their organic totality, as an internally connected and functioning whole. Secondly, from the point of view of the process, that is, the aggregates and historical connections and dependencies of its internal components following one after another in time. Thirdly, from the point of view of identifying and recording qualitative changes in its structure as a whole. Fourth, from the point of view of revealing the laws of its development, the laws of transition from one historical state of an object, characterized by a certain structure, to another historical state, characterized by a different structure.
Thus, the evolutionary approach preserves the content richness of the term "library" and, at the same time, due to the introduction of the concept of "subject of research", it significantly expands the field of research, removes the static from the definition of the object of librarianship that exists today.
The definition of the object of science as "the evolution of the library in time and space" allows you to introduce into the learning process and see in dynamics all new phenomena, technologies, trends, etc., arising in reality, as well as the temporal and spatial transformations of the library as a social institution, as parts of Russian and world culture, etc.
At the same time, the library is understood as a complex multifunctional social institution that develops nonlinearly both intensively (under the influence of the wide social environment, the results of adjacent sciences and fields of knowledge) and extensively (under the influence of internal forces).
Today, a serious library scientist is interested in studying not so much the individual structural elements of the library and the connections between them, but rather to understand the library as a "whole", the global metatext, as part of a common cultural space, to determine its place in society, in Russian and world culture, history, and the universe. knowledge, in philosophical concepts, finally, in the life of an individual; define the concepts of "Russian library culture", "domestic and world library thought", "philosophy of library science", etc. It is quite obvious that these concepts do not correlate well with the existing definition of the object of library science, which, by the way, has not only theoretical, but also purely practical consequences, for example, the topics of dissertations, as a rule, the most striking ones that do not fit into the concept of a library as a 4-element structures are easily rejected by some scientific councils under the pretext of inconsistency with the object of science.
The definition of the object of librarianship as "the evolution of the library in time and space" significantly expands and deepens the field of the researcher-librarian, opens up new horizons for the scientist and to a greater extent meets the modern level of scientific knowledge in general, as well as the needs of library practice, which is in dire need of comprehension ...

Notes and bibliography: 1 See: I.V. Lukashov. Russian library science at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Formation of views on its structure / I.V. Lukashov // Russian Library Science: XX Century: Directions of Development, Problems and Results. Experience monograph. issled. / Comp. and foreword. Yu.P. Melentieva. - M .: Grant-Fair; Publishing house "Pashkov House", 2003. - P. 9–25. 2 Khavkina L.B. Scientific development of issues of library science / L.B. Khavkina // Proceedings of the first conference of scientific libraries. - M., 1926. - S. 29–33. 3 Stolyarov Yu.N. Encyclopedic definition of library science / Yu.N. Stolyarov // Library Science. - 1998. - No. 1. - P. 57. 4 Khropach A.N. Differentiation processes in modern library science / A.N. Khropach // Soviet Library Science. - 1983. - No. 3. - S. 34-41. 5 Skvortsov V.V. The concept of the library in modern Russian library science / V.V. Skvortsov // Russian Library Science: XX Century: Directions of Development, Problems and Results. Experience monograph. issled. / Comp. and foreword. Yu.P. Melentieva. - M .: Grant-Fair; Publishing house of the Russian State Library "Pashkov House", 2003. - P. 160. 6 Ibid. 7 But even if we recognize this position as true, it is obvious that the object (or subject) of librarianship still remained unformulated! 8 See, for example: Brovina AL. Personal libraries of the Arkhangelsk and Vologda provinces in the late 18th - early 20th centuries: Author's abstract. diss. / A.A. Brovina. - M., 1987. 9 Although, of course, they can be viewed from a bibliological standpoint, as well as funds (rare books, manuscripts, etc.) of public libraries. 10 Dobrovolsky V.V. Documentation or documentology: the end of the bibliological part of the discussion / V.V. Dobrovolsky // Librarianship - 2004. Materials of scientific. conf. - M .: Publishing house MGUKI, 2004 .-- S. 205-206. Dobrovolsky V.V. Book Science, Document Science, Documentology: Failed Atlanta / V.V. Dobrovolsky // Ibid. - S. 206-207. 11 Stolyarov Yu.N. repeatedly (for example, in his speech at the International Seminar for Teachers of Library Disciplines at MGUKI in 2002) he argued that “librarian” is not a profession, but only a specialty of the “documentator” profession. 12 The information paradigm of the library was developed by V.V. Skvortsov. He sees the library as "an integral system that includes three main elements: 1) information in the form of publications, 2) the reader, 3) the librarian." See: V.V. Skvortsov. The concept of the library in modern Russian library science / V.V. Skvortsov // Russian Library Science: XX century. Directions of development, problems and results. Experience monograph. issled. / Comp. and foreword. Yu.P. Melentieva. - M .: Grand-Fair; Publishing house "Pashkov House", 2003. - P. 161. 13 Stolyarov Yu.N. Library science in danger / Yu.N. Stolyarov // Library Science - 2003: Materials of the conf. - M .: Publishing house of MGUKI, 2003. - pp. 27 - 29. Repeated in the publication "Vestnik MGUKI" (2004. - No. 1) 14 Ibid. - P. 27.15 Highlighted by the author. - Yu.M. 16 Skvortsov V.V. The concept of the library in modern Russian library science / V.V. Skvortsov // Russian Library Science: XX century. Directions of development, problems and results. Experience monograph. issled. / Comp. and foreword. Yu.P. Melentieva. - M .: Grand-Fair; Publishing house of the RSL “Pashkov House”, 2003. - P. 161. 17 Nikonorova E.V. Vector of development of modern library science / E.V. Nikonorova // Library Science. - 2003. - No. 6. - S. 22-28. 18 Afanasyev M.D. The library is a living organism and nothing disappears without a trace / M. D. Afanasyev // Library science. - 1999. - No. 3. - S. 98-107. 19 Mustchitskaya EL. Hani's status is changing. Which direction? /E.A. Gorchitskaya // Library. - 2004. - No. 2. - S. 56-58. 20 See, for example: V.P. Leonov. Library space. - SPb., 2003 .; Stakhevich A.M. University library as a living system ... / A.M. Stakhevich // Libraries and Associations in a Changing World: New Technologies and New Forms of Cooperation. Tr. conf. - T. 2. - Moscow: Publishing house of the State Public Library for Science and Technology of Russia, 2003. - S. 756-758 .; Slobodyanik M.S. System-functional model of the library / M.S. Slobodyanik // Ibid. - P. 759. Chachko A.S. Librarianship in the Human Dimension. Monograph / A.S. Chachko. - Kiev, 2002. 21 On the new paradigm of library science // Library science. - 1994. - No. 4. - S. 31-46. 22 Vaneev A.N. On the object of library science and methodical work / A.N. Vaneev // Scientific and technical libraries. - 1992. - No. 1. - S. 28-30. 23 Leonov V.P. On the originality of the Russian library culture / V.P. Leonov // Proceedings of the International Bibliological Conference. - M., 2004.24 Kufaev M.N. History of Russian books in the XIX century / M.N. Kufaev. - M .: Publishing house of the RSL "Pashkov House", 2003. - P. 31. 25 Kovalchenko I.D. Methods of historical research / I.D. Kovalchenko. - M .: Nauka, 2003 .-- S. 53-56. 26 The term "evolution" (from the Latin evolutio - deployment) in a broad sense means the idea of ​​changes in society and nature, their direction, order, laws; in a narrower sense, it defines the state of a system, which is considered as the result of more or less prolonged changes in its previous state. 27 For more details: Development as a regulatory principle. - Rostov n / Don: Publishing house Rost, University, 1991.

UDC 378 (075.8): 02 BBK 78.38

Approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

as a textbook for university students studying in their specialty

071201 - Library and Information

activity

Reviewers:

AE Shaposhnikov, Doctor of Pedagogy, Professor of Moscow State University of Culture and Arts; Afanasyev M.D., candidate

pedagogical sciences, director of the State Pedagogical Institute

Melent'eva Yu. P.

Library service: textbook / Yu. P. Melent'eva. - M.: "Publishing house FAIR", 2006. -

256 p. - (Special Publishing Project for Libraries).

ISBN 5-8183-1208-9

The textbook examines the historical, theoretical, methodological, technological and organizational

aspects of library services; its current state is revealed. Attempted for the first time

to present library services not only in the context of Russian reality, but also how

a global professional process taking place in the context of the formation of a "single world library".

The main task of this textbook is to form broad professional

views, modern professional thinking along with knowledge and respect for achievements

predecessors.

378 (075.8): 02 BBK 78.38

ISBN 5-8183-1208-9

Melent'eva Yu. P., 2006 Series, decoration. "Publishing house FAIR", 2006

Foreword

one of the most important disciplines studied in the process of obtaining a higher library

information education.

It examines the historical, theoretical, methodological, technological and

organizational aspects of library services as an individual reader

(user) and various readership groups and contingents.

The tutorial reveals the state of library service taking into account transformations,

occurred in our country, and associated professional changes: new

the conditions for the functioning of libraries, a new attitude towards the individual and its

information needs and interests, recognition of free access to information

the basic value of a democratic society, etc. In the field of attention of students also

for the first time, information related to the existence of a personal, private library is introduced as

a necessary component of the process of forming the user's reading culture

publicly accessible library.

Foreword

However, the fundamental novelty and difference of this textbook from all previous ones

this course is that, for the first time, an attempt is made to present the library

service not only in the context of Russian reality, but also as a global

the professional process carried out in the conditions of the formation of a "united world

libraries ".

This is associated with a much more detailed study than was done before.

international legislative acts defining fundamental provisions

organization of library services in the modern world, as well as a wide

This approach seems to be especially important in connection with the growing trend

globalization in librarianship as well as in other areas; with the formation

international, primarily European, standards that determine the activities

libraries in general and library services to users in particular

Pursuit

For Russia to enter the "common European home" means recognition of standards and understanding

the need for their implementation in practice.

The main task of this textbook is to form a new generation of students

broad professional views, modern professional thinking alongside

with knowledge and respect for the achievements of predecessors, understanding of their

professional mission, deep respect for information needs

user, responsibility to him.

The textbook is based on all the positive knowledge accumulated by domestic and foreign

specialists since the formation of the training course "Library Service" as

independent academic discipline.

"See, for example, Public Libraries in the Digital Age. PULMAN Project Recommendations

European Commission / Ed. L.A. Kazachenkova. - M .: FAIR-PRESS, 2004 .-- 416 p.

Foreword

The problems of library services are considered mainly on the example of public

libraries, since today their role is growing noticeably in all countries of the world: public

the library became available to the general public without any restrictions; it is she

plays a very special role in the life of the local community, reacting quickly and

opportunities for influencing changes in the social and, consequently, in the reading sphere; a

also has a multifunctional and flexible user service system,

being at the same time an information center, a club, a place of communication and

communications

This textbook corresponds to the adopted SES HPE of the second generation in the specialty

"Library and information activities".

Introduction

Evolution of the problematic

"Library service"

The system of library education in Russia began to take shape in the 1920s and 1930s. The first

higher educational institutions were opened in St. Petersburg (Petrograd Leningrad)

Kharkov, Moscow.

The Moscow Library Institute, designated as the head one, was created by the Decree

teachers, included a training course called "Working with Readers." He

was supposed to give students an idea of ​​how to build a library

service in Soviet libraries. Later, already in 1940, an educational

program "Methodology for working with readers" (author ZE Luss)

In 1918, the Institute of Out-of-School Education with a book and library faculty was opened in Petrograd

extracurricular

Although the problem of creating stable textbooks in leading library disciplines,

work of the institute for 1940-1941.

However, the first textbook was published only in 1961.

Leningrad Library Institutes

that peaceful life was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War, but also by the fact that the development of science

in general and the humanities, which included library science, in particular,

the strongest influence was exerted by ideology. Ideological discussions of the 1930s, where

"A decisive battle against bourgeois library science concepts", as well as a brutal

criticism, which in 1947 was subjected to the Moscow Library Institute for

"Weakening the ideological struggle" and "admiration for the West"

etc., did

writing stable textbooks is not only very difficult, but also unsafe for

It is no coincidence that the first textbook was written only when the ideological

the climate in the country has softened somewhat.

However, of course, the content of the first textbook, but also the content of all subsequent

reprints

reflect brightly

"See ibid., P. 13.

Working with readers: Textbook for library institutes - M .: Sov. Russia, 1961, -239 p.

Later, his second edition came out: Working with Readers: A Textbook for Bibles. facts of institutes of culture. - 2nd ed.,

revised and add. - M .: Kniga, 1970 .-- 352 p.

■* The oldest department ... - p. 17.

Working with readers / Under. ed. V.F. Sakharov. - 3rd ed., Revised and enlarged. - M .: Book. 1981 .-- 296 p.

Library service: theory and methodology / Under. ed. AND I. Eisenberg. - M .: Publishing house MGUK, 1996 - 200

Introduction

processes occurring not only in library science, but also in society.

Comparative analysis of the content of different editions of the textbook allows you to trace

main trends in the development of problems related to library services

readers.

First of all, all three editions of the textbook "Working with the Reader" clearly reflect the nature of their

era. The tasks of working with readers, the principles of their service are determined based on

the dominant theory of communist education during this period, set forth in the works

K. Marx, F. Engels, V.I. Lenin and party documents, on the basis of which "any

the library, even the smallest, is an ideological institution that helps

the cause of building communism "

It is characteristic that in all three editions of the textbook "Working with Readers" the terms "working with

readers "," reading guidance "," propaganda of literature "are considered as

synonyms or very close concepts, suggesting an active influence of the librarian on

reading activity of both children and adult readers, in order to give them reading

"The right direction."

In all three editions of the textbook, the experience of Soviet and foreign

libraries whose activities are viewed primarily in a critical manner.

At the same time, it is obvious that in the third edition of the textbook (1981), which remains, as a whole, on

the same theoretical positions, the scope of the studied subject is expanded. So, noticeably

the section on the history of the study of the Russian reader was enlarged, more deeply and

the methods of studying readers are considered in detail; significant attention is paid to the theory

reading psychology; included a section on professional qualities

librarian; for the first time it is said about information services.

All this reflects what happened from the first edition (1961) to the third (1981)

significant changes in society and in the professional environment, namely:

- "Thaw" in the political life of the country. The return of the names of L.B. Khavkina, A.A.

Pokrovsky; ON. Rubakin and other library scientists, who recently

called "bourgeois"; some softening in assessments of foreign librarianship

and library science; revitalization of international contacts;

- the development of sociology, which for a long time was in the position of a "pseudo-science". Formation

such a field as the sociology of reading. During this period the State

library to them. IN AND. Lenin (now the RSL) and other sociological organizations

research ("Book and reading in the life of small towns"; "Book and reading in life

Soviet village ", etc.) gave an idea of ​​the modern reader, brought out the methodology of his

studying for a new

- the emergence of the first signs of the formation of an information society, awareness

significance, value of information forced for the first time to define the purpose of working with readers

"As the maximum satisfaction of the reader's demand"

As you know, in the late 1980s - early 1990s. there have been big changes in life

country. These years included restructuring, the rejection of mono-ideology, and as a result -

revision of views on the role of the library in the life of an individual and society, goals and objectives

library services, etc. It was necessary to comprehend this new reality and

reflect it in teaching materials for students.

curriculum in this discipline.

Introduction

But none of the programs presented

However, these developments were not in vain.

the title of the new textbook "Library Service: Theory and Methodology", which

came out only in 1996, 15 years after the previous edition

new understanding of the role of the reader as an active participant in the library

service, freed from ideological pressure and entitled to

free choice of information.

The question of the status of the library in society was revised, and in the course of numerous

discussions held during this period on the pages of professional publications, from

defining the goals, objectives, functions of the library, the ideological component was removed,

which is reflected in the "Law on Librarianship"

The most important task of the library

the challenge of ensuring freedom of access to information was recognized.

The principles of the relationship between the reader and the librarian were comprehended in a new way,

emphasize the dialogical nature of their communication, etc.

In the new textbook, for the first time, the role of the library in development was examined in detail

personality. Library service

Shaposhnikov A.E. Library service to readers - Program ... Project. - M .: MGIK, 1991.

Library service: theory and methodology: Textbook / Ed. AND I. Eisenberg. - M .: Publishing house

MGUK. 1996 .-- 200 p.

“Federal law“ On librarianship ”// Inf. bulletin of the Russian

library association. - SPb., 1995. - No. 2. - S. 9-28.

The evolution of the problems and terminology of the training course "Library Service"

living was considered in the context of the theory of socialization as a person's help in solving

life problems, as a process that "strengthens" the personality by joining

information and reducing the degree of social tension in society by

providing equal opportunities to obtain the necessary information.

A significant place in the new textbook was given to the technology of library services and

Thus, the textbook "Library Service" solved the "problem of the moment" - reflected

new ideas about the role of the library in the life of society and the individual.

Of course, not all problems could be reflected in the textbook equally. This

the deficiency is to some extent made up for by a significant range of textbooks and printed

specialists - teachers of industry-specific universities of the country:

- Aleshin L.I., Dvorkina M.Ya. Library service using

computer facilities. - M.-MGUK, 1995.

- Azarova V.A. Serving Readers: Technique of Professional Behavior:

Monograph. - Samara, 1998.

- Bespalov V.M. Library activities to help the creative development of the individual. -

M .: MGUK, 1997.

- Borodina V.A. Psychology of reading: Textbook. - SPb .: SPbGAK, 1997.

- Dvorkina M.Ya. Library Service as a System: A Textbook. - M .:

- Zinovieva N.B. Information culture of the individual: Textbook. - Krasnodar,

- Kreidenko B.C. Library Service: Curriculum. Educational-methodical

materials - SPb: SPbGAK, 1997.

- Meijis I.A. Socio-psychological foundations of library services:

Tutorial. - Nikolaev, 1994.

Introduction

- Melent'eva Yu.P. Library as an institution of socialization of the individual: Textbook. -

M .: MGUK, 1995.

- Shaposhnikov A.E. Library service for the disabled: a textbook. - M .:

work significantly

enriched the problems of library services. Has significantly expanded and

terminological system: along with the concept of "reader", the concept of

"User", "library subscriber", "information consumer", which reflected the processes,

taking place in librarianship.

The concept of "library service" has appeared; such areas of library

services such as "library conflictology" and "library ethics"; new impulse

development received the concept of library services as a kind of therapy

("Library therapy"); formed an idea of ​​the main trends

reading activity of the Russian and world reader ("business reading";

"Compensatory reading", etc.); further development of the information society and how

consequently, the strengthening of the informational function of the library contributed to the emergence

such a concept as "information culture of the individual"; along with the previous

readers' groups demanded significant attention to new migrants, marginals,

the elderly, as well as businessmen, entrepreneurs, etc. The task of the library

service becomes legal and environmental information, socialization and

social adaptation of the reader.

A significant contribution to understanding the problems of the modern reader was made by the works of sociologists

get acquainted and unbiasedly evaluate

streamline the work of foreign libraries, the revitalization of international professional

contacts, as well as thanks to the publications of foreign colleagues, who began to actively

translate into Russian

Today, Russian libraries are enriching the process of library service for their

readers with the best experience of foreign libraries, use the most effective

technologies, techniques that have become quite accessible.

The active use of computer technology in libraries is contributing to changes in

the traditional library service process: new opportunities are emerging

provision of documents and information, new services, new forms of service

("Virtual reading room", "electronic delivery of documents", etc.); changes myself

reader. Experts talk about a "new", "electronic" reader, etc.

The problems of library services receive a constant impetus for the development of

non-professional, directly from society: organizations such as the UN,

UNESCO and others, setting certain tasks for the world community, actively

attracts librarians to their solution

Contributing to the expansion of their scope

activities and the formation of new directions of library services, as well as

the emergence of uniform standards of user service.

The trend towards globalization of librarianship, the creation of a unified

world library,

See, for example, Critical Thinking and the Library: Proceedings of the Russian-American Seminar

Billington J. American Public Libraries in the Computer Age: An Enduring Purpose in

periods of change. // Library and reading in a situation of cultural change. - Vologda, 1998 -

Asherwood B. The ABC of Communication, or Public Relations in the Library / Per. from English - M .: "Liberia",

See .. for example. The UNESCO Information for All Program.

Introduction

providing a range of services, i.e. library services, to any user, wherever he is

was not.

foreign library and library-information schools of foreign countries,

one of the leading. For example, American colleagues are constantly improving it by studying

library practice, evaluating the effectiveness of innovations and improvements.

Library service curricula are primarily practical

character. As a rule, developers focus on some relevant

problem - for example, information literacy or library services

people with disabilities, or library services for the elderly - and which students should

learn to solve

Thus, it is obvious that the problem of library services is constantly

becomes more complicated and deeper. It is clear that no textbook can keep up with the changes.

reality, however, he must provide that fundamental basis that will help the young

a specialist to solve professional problems facing him

Theoretical and legal foundations of the library

service

1.1. The concept of "library service".

Basic concepts of library services

- Ideological.

- Pedagogical (educational).

- Educational.

- Socializing.

- Informational.

Library services are an essential generic library function. It was the appearance

figure of the reader, satisfaction of his needs - that is, service - and makes

library by library, otherwise we can only talk about book depository,

stock of books, etc.

the idea of ​​the role of the library at various stages of the development of society changed. V

different periods, the emphasis was placed on "propaganda

de ... print works "

as the most important task of this process; then (in the 1990s) on

"Meeting user needs"

; most recently

professionals consider library services as an activity aimed

to provide information requests of users (readers, subscribers, clients)

both directly in the library and outside its walls.

The library service process can be thought of in two dimensions.

At first, it can be considered as a social process, that is, having a certain

A "super task" based on the belief that library services lead to

to some social consequences and changes, both for a specific person and for

various social groups of the population and for society as a whole, and Secondly, - how

a technological process that presupposes “a sequence of actions (operations,

procedures) of the librarian ... aimed at providing the user with a certain

The challenge, however, is to synthesize all available knowledge and see

library service as a single holistic phenomenon.

It is known that the main indicators (goals, objectives, directions) of the library

services, and especially the "super tasks" assigned to it by the society are determined

the historical situation, sociocultural processes taking place in society, and,

first of all, the attitude of society to the individual and, consequently, to to the reader, which

dominates in this period of time in the public consciousness.

Thus, at the heart of this or that library service concepts, adopted in

society in a certain

Theoretical and legal foundations of library services

period of its development lies attitude towards the reader, that is - this or that concept

the reader.

Research conducted by V.Ya. Askarova shows that throughout the entire time

development of Russia as a reading state (X-XX centuries) “existed and difficult, often

interacted in conflict four concepts of the reader: conservative

protective, liberal, revolutionary-radical and commercial "

Each of these concepts has gone through a certain development path.

At different periods of time dominant became the one that is most complete

responded to the social and sociocultural situation in the country: for example, during the period of liberal

reforms (for example, during the liberal policy of Alexander the First) actively

the liberal concept of the reader was formed and dominated; during periods of reaction,

"Compression of freedoms" strengthened its position towards onserva tivno-protective to concept, etc. . on

Each of these to concept determined the goals, chi and "Overhead chu »Bib lyote nnogo

service ani i to a cat efficient read spruce, t as well as the entire population of the country.

Each of the names data to he chain relies on filo Sophia development theories personally sti,

theory of itanya and pro illumination, education and those flax is valuable knowledge, etc. ... etc.

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along with the emergence of Russian og O the reader. Bo more fully they issued staying in the 17th - 19th centuries.

and ok oncha with shaping were in the XIX-XX centuries.

TO on the conservative keep linen to onc reader's option takes its toll on since the time of the Ancient

Russia, which received the "energy of Christian og O education ", including book oh from

Byzantium. T a thin layer acquired pupils for the book eh tour (first of all oh spirit dignity,

princes) determined

regu reading readers oh active STI and S book reader oh stream a.

G lubin essence et Oh To concept cheat a body: attitude towards the reader a to to about the object has been brought up ania;

division of books into "true, useful" and "lo thirsty, harmful "; about tivopo putting knowledge and

faith, morality; treating reading as a dk ont role activity.

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general actually m consciousness ania on Ray silt new then lkk to development in s in the middle of the XIX century. At this from the period d

she was powerfully ddegan and to he is with erva talented thinkers. With the names of K.N. Leontiev,

K.P. Pobe dono stseva and others. yazans ideas about iso l irova research institutes of Russia from "Rast lonely "in effusions

West, oh need NS O dimo sti to "freeze" morality vein soil at R O ssii, against O acting be

naro other images aniya as a "conducive to time rotation ". Education, reading up falsely

was to serve the odds world b lagoneransfer ty, before nno the monarchy, in sleeping

na T riotese ma and religious moral sti. Christian O e in sleeping appreciated higher than

knowledge. TO onserva tori are active in get in the way of the reading content. Framed ah Scientist

To people's committee about about a special o tdel, to O who was engaged

official hands ovodst vom reading through before stato chno hard to control edition telsk Oh,

books orace simple rantelsk O th, bib whether O those chnoy, shk active sti.

T a Kim Obrado m, NS n serv at willow-ocher nit e linen to onc cheat option and those la was sent and on

with temple nenia naro bottom consciousness into spirit e right glorious valuable stey, on the rotting

naro every disobedience.

Modern research ateli, seeing a certain positivity at the moment this oh theory in desire

stabilizing overall state, in strengthening the people bottom of morality, mark love her in general

unpromising both because of the inconsistency with social dynamics, and because of the oh what

the very principle of onservation is opposed to lodges en continuously changing fast, fast mouth current

Theore technical and legislative flax e basics biblios those good service