Landscape design of parks. The main objects of landscape design: parks, gardens, squares Parks and gardens projects

Zaryadye Park is located in the historical center next to Red Square and the Kremlin. The authors of the project were the bureau Diller Scofidio + Renfro (New York), specialists from the landscape workshop Hargreaves Associates (New York) and urbanists from Citymakers (Moscow). Over the centuries, Zaryadye has changed its appearance more than once: at one time, embassies, a royal residence were based on this place, military garrisons were located, there was a Jewish quarter and slums. At the beginning of the 20th century, the project of the largest Moscow skyscraper was frozen here, and the Rossiya hotel was erected on the foundation laid. After its destruction on this place for a long time there was a wasteland, fenced off by a dull building fence. And in September 2017, a new public space opened its doors to all visitors, which changed the face of modern Moscow.

Photo by RIA Novosti

The main role in the park is given to nature, tranquility and silence. All cultural and entertainment facilities ("Ice Cave" with a constant subzero temperature, a concert hall and a large amphitheater, an underground museum, a media center, etc.) are integrated into the existing landscape. On the artificially created hills and lowlands, there are real forests and meadows that recreate different natural zones from the tundra to the steppe. The overall modern look of Zaryadye Park is completed by the unique Soaring Bridge, which offers the most beautiful panoramic views of the Kremlin and the Moscow River in the city.

Photo by RIA Novosti

Park near the stadium "Krasnodar" in Krasnodar

The park near the Krasnodar stadium in the capital of the Kuban was built with the money of businessman Sergei Galitsky. The project was carried out by the German bureau gmp International. The park is adjacent to the FC Krasnodar stadium, so the territory was planned taking into account the influx of a large number of people. The space of 22 hectares has 30 thematic zones, including: a summer amphitheater, a terraced garden, a rope park, modern playgrounds, a climbing wall, a skate park and much more.

Photo by RIA Novosti

Over 2,300 mature trees have been planted in the park to create a Mediterranean atmosphere. It is interesting that the territory is intended for use at any time of the year: for example, a skating rink will be located on the site of the summer fountain in winter. The garden looks especially impressive from the flying height of the quadcopter, which allows you to see beautiful geometric patterns and vast spaces. The improvement will be completed by the spring of 2018, perhaps then the park will acquire an official name.

Photo by RIA Novosti

Alexander Grivko's garden in Etretat

In May 2017, a park designed by the Russian landscape architect Alexander Grivko was opened in the French city of Etretat on the English Channel coast. Each visitor sees a real wonderland, a fantastic world inhabited by all kinds of sculptures and installations. Giant rubber heads rest on green pillows, a golden key sticks out of a tree trunk, winding a music box, and on the terrace overlooking the sea, the wicker figure of Claude Monet paints its immortal landscapes.

On an area of ​​two hectares, varieties of orchids were restored, which at one time were planted here by the first mistress of a historic villa located in the park - French actress Madame Thibault. The space is replete with sculptural plant forms: hedges-whirlpools coexist with clipped trees-rocks, gradually merging with the coastline.

Princess Diana Memorial Garden in London

This spring, one of the most mesmerizing gardens in the world, the White Garden, created in honor of Princess Diana, blossomed on the grounds of Kensington Palace in West London. 2017 was declared the year of memory of Diana Spencer, who died exactly 20 years ago in a car accident. In her former residence, where she lived with children, a garden was laid out for just one season, worthy of the memory of the Princess of Wales.

The gardeners planted a total of 12,000 bulbs of the Diana white tulip, bred specifically in her honor. The continuous flower cover also consisted of thousands of lilies, hyacinths, daffodils, forget-me-nots and primroses, as well as over a hundred species of roses. Continuous bloom is maintained throughout the season by planting new white flowers with a touch of pastel colors.

Skygarden Park (Seoullo) in Seoul

Dutch architecture firm MVRDV won the competition for a park in the heart of Seoul in 2015. A new public space was required to be created on a former overpass built in 1970. The architects were tasked with making the area near Seoul Central Station, where the future park was planned, more environmentally friendly, friendly and attractive. The former motorway, with a total length of 938 meters, has been transformed into a city park planted with Korean plant and tree species.

The old flyover is now a linear garden with 24,000 plant species, in which the landscape changes with the seasons. The city is actively connecting to the new public space that Seoul residents cross every day - new stairs and bridges are being brought to the park from neighboring offices, hotels and restaurants.

Navy Yards Central Green in Philadelphia

Historically, the southern region of Philadelphia featured wetlands and grasslands where the city's marinas were formerly located. This area is now becoming one of the most progressive and corporate areas in Philadelphia. On an area of ​​two hectares, the American bureau James Corner Field Operations has developed a park design that combines the area's modern urban potential with its native habitat. This is how a completely new type of environment appeared - ecological and natural, as well as socially active.

The specialists of the Svetlana Korzh Architectural Workshop have unique experience in the design and implementation of projects for parks, squares, recreation areas, territories of commercial and public buildings, as well as private territories. In the asset of Svetlana Korzh, the development of general plans and the solution of the landscape of suburban settlements - from the concept to the implementation of the full volume of working documentation. We develop and implement the best engineering solutions; we are working on the creation of new design forms in the architecture of landscape structures, we are looking for creative solutions for decorative ponds and waterfalls, as well as we are working on the geoplastics of artificial relief and dendrology of the landscape ... We develop private gardens and parks at a high professional level using various architectural styles. We carry out projects of any degree of complexity and volume.

The landscape projects of the Svetlana Korzh workshop have been awarded many of the highest awards:

2010 year, awarded for outstanding service in the field of landscape architecture and design. Topic: "Design and implementation of landscape objects of private estates with inspiration and soul." This award was given to the following objects: 1) a landscape garden for children - “A garden for birds, butterflies and children” and 2) a conceptual garden “Lake of Inspiration”, developed for the outstanding fashion designer and clothing designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev.

year 2009- National award in the field of landscape architecture and design "Ukraine kvitucha" "Big Gold Medal" - Grand Prix ... Objects 1) Architectural planning and dendrological solutions for the reconstruction of the park "Orlyatko" 2) Park "Vidradny", the solution of the entrance group.

year 2009. Laureate of the International Landscape Festival in Tallinn. The theme "Garden of the Middle Ages" - first place

2008 year- National award in the field of landscape architecture and design "Ukraine kvitucha" "Gold medal" -,. The realized objects were presented: 1) Japanese-style garden 2) Mexican-style garden 3) English-style garden 4) Russian garden

Landscape design services

Photo gallery of design works		Geodesy
Design of public areas
	3d graphics and visualization
	Price list

"Architectural workshop of Svetlana Korzh" fulfills design and reconstruction works city ​​gardens, parks, squares and boulevards, public and private areas. We also work with design institutes, investment companies, architectural firms and workshops. On subcontracting we develop planning concepts, solutions .. general plans, dendrology and illustrative material to coordinate landscape solutions. After completing the design work, we carry out architectural supervision or we implement landscape projects - we carry out gardening and landscaping works.

Stages and sections of design

Section 1. Photo gallery of projects

The section presents design work on the development of landscape design for public areas (city squares and parks) and private estates.

More details in SECTION "PHOTO GALLERY OF PROJECTS"

Section 2. Pre-project activities and documents:

In order to start designing, it is necessary to receive design assignments from the customer organization. When designing a private estate, the design assignment is drawn up together with the owner of the cottage or estate.

The basis for the design of a park, square or in-yard space is a geodetic topographic survey with the applied networks of all communications.

If this is a private plot with a cottage, then the area of ​​this plot is determined, the wishes of the customer, his preferences, the number of people living, and their interests are recorded. The direction of the garden style is determined. If a private site has a difficult terrain, then it is also necessary to perform geodetic topography.

It is very important to determine the composition of the soil and the humus content. The agrochemical composition of the soil will help determine the preferences in choosing plants for landscaping the site and determine measures to improve the structure of the soil, create conditions for the development and growth of plants.

More details in SECTION 2 "PRE-DESIGN WORKS"

Section 3. Geodetic topographic survey:

Geodetic topography is the basis for the design of general plans for public gardens, parks, as well as for the development of landscaping and landscaping of urban and private sites and territories.

We carry out geodetic topography, which is necessary as one of the pre-project activities. On the topographic plan, marks and binding of existing trees are accurately applied, relief marks, buildings and structures, underground communications such as gas, telephone, electricity, water supply, sewerage (the place and depth of these networks). Especially geodetic topography is necessary when designing public and urban areas. The design of private sites with difficult terrain (hilly, slope, ravines) also needs to start with geodetic topography of the area, which will help in the future to save on the volume of concrete, masonry and other work, such as strengthening slopes .. etc.

See details in SECTION 3 "GEODESY"

Section 4. Design of public areas

Front landscape design public areas set completely different tasks than when designing the territories of private estates. Although in both cases - they perform the same function - it is the harmonization of the surrounding space. In the formation of public areas, firstly: a completely different scale, it is subordinated to the surrounding buildings and in many cases it is a multi-storey building. If a larger scale is used in a private estate, for example, large-sized plants are planted, a private park begins to resemble an urban park area.

The nature and style of the improvement of public areas is influenced by its location. Naturally, the improvement and landscaping of the historical part of the city will differ significantly from the improvement of territories with modern buildings. Modern buildings give rise to new creative landscape compositions, new forms of water structures and new design of small forms. Not only Western countries have succeeded in this. Landscape architecture and the design of public spaces in China are developing rapidly. The design solutions of Chinese landscape architects are very accurately transferred to nature, without any simplifications, even in details. Unfortunately, Kiev squares and adjoining territories, even in new districts, look rather modest and unpretentious, and the attitude to the formation of aesthetic landscape space is secondary. Very often, architects completely shift this problem onto the shoulders of dendrologists. Collaboration of architects, designers and dendrologists is required. Although Kiev can be proud of the annual flower exhibitions at Spivochy Pole. Communal territories - spaces along avenues and city streets - have also begun to delight with their design.

Great opportunities for a landscape architect are presented when creating "commercial" landscapes - country clubs and restaurants. The names of the restaurants and clubs allow our specialists to create appropriate “landscape stories”, work on the character and style of the artificial landscape, and create a theme park.

Landscaping and landscaping in front of business centers, large corporations, entertainment centers and shopping supermarkets is of particular character. This is one of the new directions in landscape design, where a specialist needs to combine restraint, respectability and democracy.

All components of the landscape are almost always involved in the improvement and landscaping of public areas - these are sculptures, small forms, water structures, fountains, waterfalls, decorative paving and expressive decorative landscaping. Decorative lighting has become more relevant and diverse in landscape design.

Natural stones began to occupy a special place in the landscape. Rockeries, alpine slides, Japanese gardens have boldly emerged from private gardens and decorate public areas with dignity. Our company, in addition to the above, develops and implements a new fashionable rock garden - "Czech rolling pins".

Public and "commercial" gardens are well complemented by decorative duck birds, swans, peacocks, carp and even ostriches. A nice addition to the landscape is a small zoo. It is appropriate to place them in places of family recreation - country clubs and restaurants. Rabbits, chanterelles, deer, squirrels, turtles, goats and sheep can be the inhabitants of these zoos.

Special requirements are imposed on the design of medical institutions - hospitals, hospitals and sanatoriums. In the project, it is necessary to take into account a number of specific factors for dendrology, color and composition. Hospital gardens must have a healing function.

Improvement and landscaping of resort areas, pioneer camps and recreation centers must meet high artistic and aesthetic requirements. Here, special attention is paid to flower beds, lawn parterres and artificial water structures such as fountains, decorative pools, streams. A place for sports and playgrounds must be allocated. The territory of boarding houses, rest homes, sanatoi and other resort areas is landscaped with exotic plants and beautifully flowering shrubs. The alleys of the resort parks are hard to imagine without sculptural compositions.

Green spaces on the territory of higher educational institutions play mainly a sanitary-hygienic and architectural-planning role. According to regulatory requirements, the park area near universities should occupy at least 40% of the total area.

Gardening of school and preschool institutions, in addition to aesthetic and sanitary and hygienic functions, has a cognitive role. For this, research sites are set up with certain types of plants and relief forms. Traditional flower beds, flower beds and compositions of trees and shrubs saturate the air of children's institutions with phytoncides, and at the same time play a health-improving role. Mental, physical and aesthetic development of a person is laid from childhood, therefore, in the design of landscaping and landscaping of school areas, as well as areas of kindergartens, it is necessary to apply creative design solutions, select planting material of various shapes, colors and smells to create a harmonious environment.

The design of landscaping and improvement of residential areas, courtyard spaces and territories of cottage settlements is currently undergoing qualitative and quantitative changes. In connection with the compacted residential development, landscape compositions have become more complex, more expressive, varied and multi-layered. Landscaping of the space develops vertically, even the roofs and walls of houses are included in it.

An important stage in the completion and implementation of design solutions is this is architectural supervision , for the production of landscaping and gardening works.

More information about the design of public and industrial areas can be found in SECTION 4 "DESIGNING PUBLIC ENVIRONMENTS"

Section 5. Design of parks

Before proceeding with design or reconstruction of the park , you need to know to what functional type this park area belongs or will belong. According to their functional purpose, the main types of parks include:

• Aesthetic and decorative parks
• Cultural and entertainment parks
• Amusement parks
• Sports and sports parks
• Wellness parks
• General children's park
• Industrial parks
• Nature reserves
• Ethnographic parks
• Memorial parks
• Golf clubs
• Reserves
• Botanical and Zoological Parks
• National parks (nature reserve)

Depending on the purpose of the park, a functional zoning scheme for the park territory is being developed, on the basis of which an architectural and planning scheme is developed. The functional zoning of each of these parks is different. But there are general or basic necessary areas for each of them, these are -

Entry group

Recreation and entertainment area (children's sector, attractions)

Service area (restaurants, cafes, kiosks)

Sports area (sports grounds, fitness centers)

Quiet recreation area (alleys, paths, paths, lawns, lakes and artificial reservoirs, benches, gazebos, flower beds)

Area of ​​methodological service and club-section work (libraries, lecture halls, art studios, etc.)

Exhibition and collection area

Administrative and economic zone

City garden- this is a structural element of urban greening, intended for short-term recreation of the population, is limited by an area (from 2 to 6 hectares) and is located in a system of residential areas or the city center, which does not allow a wide range of functional zones. The main entrance to the garden is located in places where pedestrians are concentrated. According to the characteristics of use, gardens can be walking or spectacular... IN spectacular city garden the planning structure is designed as a kind of open space for spectators. When designing, it is necessary to take into account that the city garden can accommodate recreation areas for adults, playgrounds for children, fountains, pavilions, sculptures or monuments, public toilets.

And what needs to be considered when designing city ​​square ? A square is a green space on a square or a street that plays an architectural and decorative role and is used for short-term rest. The squares are divided into the following main groups according to their purpose: quiet rest and walks, memorial, entertainment, historical and architectural, exhibition (flowers, sculpture), decorative, informational, dividing and playgrounds. Depending on the purpose and functional orientation of the square, the project solves the tasks of developing the design of small forms and compositions in landscaping .

Boulevards and embankments , as a rule, solve a recreational and architectural planning problem and are used for walking and pedestrian traffic.

Improvement and landscaping of city parks and squares is usually performed by public utilities and enterprises, therefore it is very important that the author of the project would supervise the work at the facility until all types of work are completed.

For more information about the design of parks, squares, city gardens, boulevards and embankments, see SECTION 5 "PARK DESIGN"

Section 6. Design of private estates and parks

More recently, landscape architecture and design concerned only public gardens and parks, resort areas and botanical gardens. Currently, landscape architects in private gardens and parks are boldly experimenting with different styles and trends. Artificial streams, waterfalls and ponds have already become indispensable elements of even a small garden. Implementing a landscape project with a huge selection of plants and decorative materials for paving and landscaping has become much easier than 15 years ago. And, nevertheless, it is impossible to carry out a good, competent project that takes into account all the constituent elements of landscaping and landscaping without professional skills and experience. After all, this requires knowledge in various fields - architecture, design, composition, knowledge in the history of the creation of landscape parks, dendrology and engineering.

It is necessary to start designing with the development of the main idea (concept). The appearance of your future garden depends on the novelty and creativity of the idea. Then the concept is dressed in more specific materials and sizes in the draft design.

After the approval of one of the options for the draft layout design and small forms, we proceed to the working landscape design project. The main drawings of the working project consist of: 1) General plan; 2) Line drawing; 3) Plan of road surfaces; 4) Vertical layout; 5) Cartograms of earthworks; 6) Dendroplan, 7) Specification of planting materials; 8) Lighting schemes; 9) Explanatory notes.

Whether it is necessary to develop additional drawings depends on the complexity and volume of design solutions. Additional drawings are developed for complex landscape compositions, such as: entrance lobbies, flower beds, mixborders, collectible rose gardens, as well as other collectible gardens, colorful gardens, rock gardens, rockeries and Japanese gardens, etc.

Additionally, design and construction drawings of small forms and garden structures are developed, such as: gazebos, rotundas, barbecues, covered seating areas, pergolas, fences and fences, cellars, benches, templates and drawings for forged products, complex paving patterns.

The presence of various water structures on the site requires their detailed study and design. Drawings are being carried out to develop the design and construction of fountain groups, individual pools, artificial lakes, waterfalls, cascades and streams.

See more in SECTION 6 "DESIGN OF PRIVATE AREAS"

Section 7. Designing a winter garden

A winter garden is one of the components of the interior of any estate. Conservatories are very often located in attached premises or in detached, well-glazed buildings. A winter garden can also be arranged in a cottage, having allocated a room with good lighting for it.

When designing and creating a winter garden, there can be two problems.

First, it is necessary to complete project documentation for the development of the design and construction of a building or a winter garden. Provide for its heating, air conditioning, protection from direct sunlight, as well as water supply, sewerage, and, if necessary, a drainage device to remove excess water from irrigation. Lighting is of particular importance for the winter garden. In designing, it is necessary to calculate the power of artificial lighting and select special lamps.

Secondly, to develop a winter garden landscaping project. The elements of the landscape of the winter garden, in addition to flowers and plants, can be waterfalls, pools, rock gardens, slides, stairs, fountains, sculptures, etc. Therefore, drawings of landscape elements and small forms are included in the design documentation.

By creating beauty and coziness in the premises, we are building a solid foundation for the restoration of health and the success of your business!

See details in SECTION 7 "DESIGNING A WINTER GARDEN"

Section 8. "3-D" Graphics and Visualization

Our architectural workshop performs landscape, architectural and technical 3D graphics and visualization of objects of any complexity level: from private gardens and parks with cottages and small forms to urban landscapes, of any degree of elaboration, from sketch rendering to animation video and 3-D presentation.

The core of our team is made up of professional architects and designers, which allows us to create not only beautiful, but also technically competent materials, relying on any initial data, from working drawings to sketches. We can professionally refine your ideas and sketches, or develop a project from scratch, create a beautiful and convincing set of demonstration materials for promoting projects at exhibitions, negotiations and presentations, for submitting material for approval.

For preliminary analysis or initial discussions of investment and construction projects, we offer the production of architectural visualization of buildings and the surrounding real landscape, the composition of the city park with the linking of all structures and proposals for small forms, with a set of analytical materials for the analysis of the area and volume of objects, as well as dendrological analysis.

In architecture and landscape design, 3D graphics helps to think through all the nuances and features at the design stage, to see the final result even before the start of construction work.

See details in SECTION 8 "3-D GRAPHICS AND VISUALIZATION"

Section 9. Engineering design

When designing a landscape, it is necessary to solve a number of engineering issues:

it is necessary to carry out a rainwater drainage project, develop a storm sewer system

if there is high groundwater on the site, a drainage system project is being developed, which will lower them and divert them outside the site

an automatic irrigation project is necessary for the comprehensive care of an ornamental garden and lawn lawns;

the formation of a complex relief and its strengthening is carried out with the help of retaining walls. Therefore, the calculation is carried out and the design of the retaining walls is being developed.

when constructing water basins, cascades, fountain groups, ponds and waterfalls, it is necessary to perform structural calculations and drawings, as well as engineering calculations for the selection of equipment and calculation of water supply.

See details in SECTION 9 "ENGINEERING DESIGN"

Section 10. Price list

In this section you can get acquainted with the prices for the development of a landscape design project for both private estates and public gardens and parks. See details in SECTION 10 "PRICE LIST"

The Svetlana Korzh Architectural Workshop company is able to create a landscape project of your dreams, a project of any complexity. Our employees have the necessary work experience and a body of knowledge in the field of gardening, landscape architecture and engineering. This allows us to complete tasks of almost any complexity. We do not limit your fantasies.

Since ancient times, the design and correct organization of gardens has been of great importance. Today, more and more often, to create a beautiful park on the territory of their estate for recreation and aesthetic enjoyment, they turn to specialists in this field.

Landscape design is a whole art that combines the basics of engineering and architecture, plant growing, as well as the theory of philosophy, cultural studies and history.

When planning the architecture and design of new parks, the ancient masters tried to combine the beauty of nature and the functionality of the facility, but at the same time strictly followed the basic philosophical views and traditions of their people. Various styles of gardening art have become a vivid reflection of the diverse cultures and time periods of the nations that brought them to life. In addition, the methodology of landscape design reflects not only the national and religious values ​​of its time, but a close harmonious fusion with nature. For many centuries, the park on the territory of its own land was accessible only to wealthy people from high society. Quite often, the beauty of the decoration of one's own garden testified to the size of the financial wealth of its owner.

The theory of design of parks and gardens of European and Asian civilizations is as different as the foundations of their philosophical views and perception of the world. Today, in modern landscape design, architects are constantly analyzing existing experience and looking for fresh ideas, while quite often trying to combine the foundations of various styles inherent in Eastern and Western cultures. Such work is not always successful. It is simply impossible to achieve a good result without knowledge of the basic principles of planning a landscape gardening object, without an inner sense of subtle philosophy in styles.

Analysis of existing styles in the organization of parks and gardens in home gardens

Regular (geometric or French) style - such a garden or park has clear symmetrical lines, a geometrically correct layout of all objects. The planning of such a park begins with the definition of the main center line, which carries the main semantic load. All alleys are based on straight lines, flower beds and regular shaped pools. Shrubs and trees are trimmed.

English (landscape park) park - is split taking into account the natural location of all objects. The style originated in England in the 18th century after the out of fashion of the Baroque era. The foundations of this style are distinguished by beautiful flowing natural lines paved with cobblestones or stone paths. All objects preserve their natural appearance as much as possible, which is not the case in French parks. Also, a distinctive feature of such gardens is the tiered approach when planting plants.

Chinese style - the foundations of this style are distinguished by complete harmonization when placing garden compositions. Everything is subject to the laws of Eastern philosophy and has a deep sacred meaning, which is not found in European cultures.

Japanese gardens Is a small demonstration of the worldview of the Japanese nation. Everything has its true purpose and occupies a strictly defined place. The first principles and foundations of the organization of Japanese pakas were developed by Buddhist monks. They reflect the perfection of the natural world, and sometimes the entire universe.

Muslim (Moorish Garden) - reflection of oriental wisdom and slowness. The aromas of exotic flowers, birdsong, the quiet murmur of water bodies completely contribute to relaxation and tranquility. In eastern countries, parks and garden areas have always been a piece of paradise on earth. When arranging the architecture of the park, all the laws of Islam are strictly observed. It was at the palaces of the eastern rulers that landscape gardening was actively developed.

The harmony and beauty of the natural islets of the garden have a good effect on physical fitness and mental balance. Scientific research has long established the facts of the positive influence of nature and the correct organization of the environment on the emotional state of a person. Well thought out and sophisticated design of the backyard area will bring joy and pleasure to its owner. This is possible only if, when drawing up the work program, all the wishes of the customer were analyzed and taken into account. It often happens that even the most expensive and fashionable works of designers cause unpleasant feelings. And vice versa, simple and uncomplicated landscapes created with their own hands delight the eyes and soul, instilling calm and tranquility.

In order for a person to be able to relax in his garden and get rid of everyday worries, the design must be carried out in accordance with certain rules and include an analysis of all factors influencing the environment and the architecture available on the site.

The theory of the development of landscape projects of the site with their own hands

The main stage in the work on landscape design is the development of an art project and an action program for its implementation. For this, a sketch of a plan for the placement of compositions, architecture and the main objects of the park or garden is created.

An example of a landscape project scheme

When drawing up a planting program, the architect must necessarily analyze and take into account the following in his work:

• When planting plants, you need to take into account the group nature of this process. Plants of the same species or related genera must be planted side by side. Otherwise, the territory will take on an empty and unfinished look.
• When planting plants, you do not need to use straight lines, since this does not provide an opportunity for the formation of bushes. This arrangement creates an unnatural look that should be avoided. But you don't need to disturb the balance of the overall composition. Everything should be harmonious.

Competent organization of space allows you to place on the territory of a park or garden separate areas where you can relax with relatives and friends, and areas that make it possible to spend time alone alone with your thoughts.

An example of visualization of a garden design project

Elements that are used to decorate the territory of a park or garden with their own hands are divided into main groups:

• The buildings or structures of the manor house, which are usually the focal point of the entire project. In this case, the main task of the designer becomes the analysis of existing objects and the subsequent smoothing, softening of the sharp and strict geometric shapes of the building. Moreover, it can be whole complexes of buildings made in different styles and having a very different purpose. Then the work of a specialist becomes much more complicated.
• Grass cover for the formation of lawns.
• Green planting of trees and shrubs, as well as flowers. These can be individual plants or whole compositions.
• Large decorative elements:
  • water bodies (streams, man-made lakes, fountains, aqueducts);
  • stone objects (large stones or compositions from a pile of stones, sculptures).
• Small decorative elements of garden architecture (lamps, small compositions).

Do-it-yourself development of a landscape project for a site begins with the following works:

1. Planning of activities for landscaping the territory of the estate
2. Creation of projects for the placement of water bodies;
3. Placing a garden path;
4. Analysis and drawing up of a landscape lighting plan;
5. Development of the program and construction of the facility's drainage system.

Do-it-yourself gardening programs for a park or garden

The planning of the design and architecture of the future garden begins with an analysis of the existing vegetation and drawing up a landscaping program.

Landscaping of the territory of the estate implies the process of filling the territory of the site with vegetation. But specialized organizations can additionally include a large list of services.

The park or garden landscaping program covers the following items:

• Departure of the designer to get acquainted with the site, collecting and analyzing the wishes of the owners.
• Project development. This creates several working sketches. Customers have the opportunity to choose the most suitable option during the preparatory work.
• Preparation of a park or garden site for work. Delivery of the necessary tools and materials to the territory.
• Analysis and definition of zones on the site, entering information into drawings.
• Complete removal of the soil layer unsuitable for planting.
• Creation of decorative reservoirs, foundation pits for lakes and fountains, laying out decorative stones.

• Delivery of fertile soil.
• Analysis of the placement of plant compositions and the construction of an irrigation and lighting system on the site.
• Formation of alleys and paths, construction of gazebos or other decorative premises, if planned.
• Selection and delivery of various types of plants.
• Formation of boundaries for plant compositions.
• Laying out a special agrofibre on the bottom.
• Laying pipes for further watering the composition.
• Filling in a special mulching material.
• Planting plants and lawns, checking the irrigation system.
• Final cleaning of the garden after work.

Plant composition programs involve a wide variety of plant species. At the same time, the goals of disembarkation and the functions that they must perform on the site can also be very different. For this, deciduous and coniferous perennial plants are used. They form curbs, alleys and hedges.

Trees in personal plots are rarely used. Most often these are elements of a large landscape gardening facility. If there is already vegetation on the territory, then, as a rule, they try to preserve it and harmoniously fit into the new landscape.

Usually, when decorating the architecture of a site, the design rules provide for group planting of plants. They can have a different composition. As a rule, such compositions help to avoid a sharp transition from plantations to an open space of the object. The group focuses on one plant, and the rest are just background accompaniment. In this case, it is very important to take into account the natural characteristics of a particular species, its shape and size.

Tall plants are placed in the center of the decorative object. And as you approach the open area, the height of the plants decreases. The designer should take into account that the composition should not lose its appearance throughout the entire period of active development of plants.

Forming lawns with your own hands is also of great importance. Manicured lawns are an excellent backdrop for the main group of plants, favorably shading the color of trees and shrubs, as well as nearby architectural objects. This is a kind of unifying element that makes the composition whole. In addition, it perfectly performs the function of lowering the temperature in the summer, retains moisture in the dry season.

To prevent the garden from becoming a chaotic accumulation of plants, landscaping programs necessarily provide for free areas with a mound of pebbles or sand. This combination allows you to harmonize the space of the object and give it its own style and charm.

The harmonious selection of colors forms the basis of the theory of design of garden and park zones. The rules for choosing a palette for a garden are no different from those generally accepted when decorating interiors.

The landscape design of the site should provide for the placement on the territory of an interesting object that will attract the attention of visitors. In addition, the analysis of the experience of setting up the park suggests that the project should be simple and convenient. Otherwise, it will be quite difficult to take care of the object in the future.

Creation of reservoirs

Nothing decorates the natural landscape of an object like a body of water. It will well complement plant compositions, give a certain charm and create the necessary microclimate.

It is not so difficult to create it with your own hands, but you can get a quality guarantee only by ordering the services of professionals.

Reservoirs can be made in a variety of ways:

• Ponds;
• Streams and cascades (waterfalls);
• Fountains;
• Garden aquariums.

When building a reservoir on the territory of the estate with your own hands, you must take into account the basic rules:

1. Analysis of the size of the structure ... It is important not to overdo it here. The best option for a plot of ten to fifteen acres would be a reservoir with a water mirror of four to five square meters.
2. Location of the water body ... It is very important that the water is warmed up by the sun's rays for at least six hours a day. Therefore, you can not place the reservoir in the shade of trees.
3. Materials used to build reservoirs with your own hands ... In order for the reservoir to serve for a long time, you need to use modern high-strength materials and follow the rules for their operation.
4. Technical facilities for the maintenance of the reservoir. You need to take care of a quality piping and pumping system. You can find suitable materials and equipment in online stores.
5. You also need to pay special attention to the flora of the pond. to maintain the microclimate and balance of natural conditions. You can settle in the reservoir and inhabitants, breed different types of fish or frogs.
6. Care program. Artificial reservoirs are subject to mandatory cleaning, otherwise a swamp will sooner or later form on the site of a beautiful pond. If you do not like to carry out these works, then you can always contact the specialists who will do it competently and efficiently. You can order a service for cleaning the reservoir on specialized sites online.

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The multifunctional park is a large green area, including cultural institutions with favorable natural conditions (existing plantings, relief, water bodies), a convenient location in the city and convenient transport links. The first multifunctional park in Moscow, the Central Park of Culture and Leisure (TsPKiO), with an area of ​​109 hectares, was organized in August 1928 on the territory of the first Agricultural Exhibition and Neskuchny Garden by the project of the architect A.V. Vlasov. According to the regulation developed in the USSR, the park of culture and recreation is a state institution and is created in a city, village, regional center in order to better use natural conditions for organizing cultural recreation of the population and carrying out a variety of cultural, educational, physical culture and health-improving work among adults and children. When developing a project for a multifunctional park, it is necessary to calculate its size depending on the general urban planning situation, the number of residents. The total area of ​​the park depends on the average size of the area per visitor. According to the calculated data, the norm per visitor in the park should be on average 50 ... 60 m 2. The size of the park's territories is determined by a special calculation of attendance. The number of visitors to the park who are simultaneously on its territory is conventionally taken at 5 ... 8% of the population of the city (district). When calculating the load and size of individual sections of the park, a special shift ratio visitors. Such a coefficient is taken in the size of 1.5 ... 2.0 for city parks, 1.0 ... 1.2 for suburban parks. On the days of festivals, big competitions and major events, the number of visitors increases 1.5 ... 2.0 times. In winter, the number of visitors decreases by 2 ... 3, in spring and autumn - by 3 ... 4 times. As a rule, children make up up to 20% of the total number of park visitors. The maximum allowable for the territory of the park should be no more than 100 people / ha. This standard is due to the fact that with an increase in the load, damage to the planning elements and vegetation occurs. When calculating the network of parks in large cities, approximate standards are used, which are given in table. 4.1.

Table 4.1. Approximate standards for a network of parks in large cities

According to modern urban planning standards, in large cities, when designing a multifunctional park of regional significance, it is established radius of availability visitors to the object. According to approximate standards, the accessibility of the park for residents of the district should be within 1500 m.The distance between residential buildings and the border of the park is taken at least 50 m.Based on the experience of creating parks in Russian cities, the minimum area of ​​a multifunctional park is conventionally set at 25 hectares. When a full complex of devices and structures is created in a park in conditions approaching natural conditions, the area of ​​multifunctional parks in large cities should be at least 50 hectares.

The nature of the park's attendance is determined by the demographic composition of the population, its cultural level and well-being, as well as natural conditions, picturesque landscapes, and the season of the year. Sociological studies conducted in St. Petersburg gardens and parks have shown that in the morning up to 80% of visitors are elderly people, and half of them come with preschool children. After 15 hours, schoolchildren and students begin to visit the park (visiting circles, lectures). In the evenings, the number of young people and middle-aged people is increasing, who concentrate in places of sports, discos, lecture halls, exhibitions, reading rooms, etc. About 20% of the total number of visitors to the park are children.

When designing, take into account functional zoning multifunctional park.

Functional zoning of the park. Project work on the distribution of territory into characteristic territorial units or areas where recreation sites (active and passive, quiet) should be located based on the urban planning situation, features of the landscape of the area (landscape analysis), analysis of natural and climatic conditions is called functional zoning. It is carried out on the basis of a comprehensive pre-design analysis of the territory and is determined taking into account the formation of a city-wide recreation system, the size of the projected park, the presence of natural components - vegetation, water bodies, relief. Natural components and landscape features of the territory should predetermine placement of zones parka. When zoning a territory, as a rule, a zone should be allocated for active mass types of recreation. It is recommended to vacate the largest part of the territory for a quiet (passive) rest. Spectacular structures with a massive gathering of visitors, attractions, sports complexes should be located along the main traffic routes that have the shortest connections with the entrances to the park.

Territory designated for a quiet rest, it is planned, as a rule, in areas of large green areas with reservoirs and expressive relief. When designing a park based on existing plantings for the zone of physical culture and recreation activities(sports zone), an open area with a flat relief is distinguished. Zone children's complex should gravitate towards the entrances to the park from the side of residential buildings.

In the 60s of the XX century, the design organizations of Ukraine developed models of zoning and functional zoning multifunctional parks. As the size of the park grows quiet rest area increases in relation to other zones. For example, in a park from 150 to 300 hectares, a quiet recreation area occupies 60 ... 70% of its territory. In a park of 400 ... 800 hectares - up to 80 ... 85%, and the rest of the zones are located on the territory of the park within 15 ... 20% of the total area. The functional zoning of the territory of the multifunctional park includes a number of zones (districts) with predominant uses. These are zones of mass, cultural and educational events, physical culture and health-improving recreation of children, economic and administrative zones. The approximate ratio of the zones of the park territory is given in table. 4.2.

table4.2. Functional organization the territory of the multifunctional park

Zone of mass events(spectacles, attractions) includes rides and various types of entertainment. The territory of the zone must be foreseen compactly, in the areas adjacent to the main entrance to the park. For this, you can also use areas with the "poorest" landscape. The list of structures, their size and number are determined by the direction of the park, natural properties, location in the city plan and the nature of the territories surrounding the park. A large multifunctional park should have wide, clearly directed alleys, areas for theaters, cinemas and other entertainment facilities, well-thought-out evacuation routes for spectators, connections with park entrances and public transport. In a large park in the area of ​​mass events, facilities for mass recreation are provided, including amusement rides, fields of mass action(games, songs, dances), which are solved in the form of areas of geometric configuration with artificial turf (at the rate of 1 m 2 per visitor). When designing attractions, an independent territory is distinguished, remote from the quiet recreation area, theater, stage, with convenient transits designed to receive large flows of visitors. Depending on the capacity and type of design, attractions are distinguished: rides for adults and rides for children; mobile amusement rides made of collapsible structures; stationary mechanized amusement rides of complex structures, designed for a simultaneous landing from 20 to 50 people; large, stationary mechanized amusement rides with a complex volumetric-spatial composition, designed for 50 or more seats. Dynamic amusement rides with movement in one or several planes, with inclined and concentric traffic routes are widespread; themed attractions: space, sea, air, underground, underwater, automobile, railway, creating the illusion of adventure travel.

Rides are mass entertainment, creating a convivial atmosphere that should be supported by a variety of activities. Dance floor(verandas, dance halls) should be placed isolated from quiet recreation areas or combined with a restaurant, exhibition, attraction. In the daytime they can be used as a shade canopy or orchestra veranda. The dance veranda is placed in places convenient for viewing - on a hill or among a specially conceived recreation area with a fountain, sculpture, flowers, near water bodies. For the convenience of visitors, accommodation should be provided small cafes and easily transformable food outlets under the awnings. In the area of ​​attractions, they must be evenly distributed over the territory, taking into account the operating conditions of the park and the season, mainly in the children's sector. It is necessary to provide for the possibility of servicing these areas with city water supply and sewerage. In the area of ​​public events, it is also necessary to provide: unloading areas, decorated with flower beds, a pond, a sculpture in front of a cafe or restaurant; economic and transport entrances; a small courtyard (playground) for utilitarian purposes; parking lots (outside the park territory), toilets. Among the structures of a large multifunctional park (up to 200 hectares and more), a significant role is played by open or green theaters, intended for dramatic, musical performances, sports demonstrations, choral performances, pop and orchestral concerts, with a capacity of 600 ... 800 to 1000 ... 3000 spectators, in some cases 30 thousand and more. The optimal capacity of a cinema is up to 2 thousand spectators, areas for mass performances in large parks - up to 10 thousand spectators and more, universal - up to 5 thousand spectators. The shape of the plan, determined by the outline of the amphitheater (oval or rectangular), its constructive solution (theaters built on natural or artificial and mixed foundations) are taken into account. In domestic practice, medium-sized theaters have become widespread, for which it is advisable to use natural slope of the terrain. When choosing a location for a green theater, acoustic features and aesthetic considerations are important, taking into account the viewers' perception of the surrounding landscape from the inside, from the steps of the amphitheater. The site should be away from noisy objects, as well as from transport and pedestrian highways, protected from the wind. For isolation from external noise, wind and due to the sound-absorbing properties, it is necessary to use dense walls made of woody plants with a dense crown, which contribute to good acoustics. From the point of view of acoustics and visibility, the best amphitheaters are ovoid and oval. The maximum distance from the extreme places is 30 ... 50 m, and for mass performances - up to 160 m.The width of the stage should be from 10 to 50 m, its depth - from 5 to 45 m, and the distance from the stage to the first row - 1, 5 ... 6,0 m. The scenes of green theaters are decorated with architectural means and are subject to a certain plan. The backstage of the green theater in the parks of the southern cities of Russia can be created from woody plants ( cypress, ligustrum). In the parks of cities in the middle zone - linden, barberry, cotoneaster, hawthorn, lilac. Experience has shown that most outdoor theaters are used for daytime performances, so the stage should be located on the north side. The approaches to the theater and, if necessary, the service entrances should correspond to their optimal use, taking into account the capacity of the theater (the number of spectators) and the evacuation of spectators for

10 ... 15 min. The choice of the spectator evacuation system (radial, belt, radial-belt) depends on the site, the terrain and the location of the aisles and driveways surrounding the theater. For theaters with a large capacity, a radial-belt system is recommended, and for small-capacity theaters, a belt system is not an ordinary one. The radial walkway system ensures that the outer radius places are less removed from the stage. For a round amphitheater with a capacity of up to 30 thousand people, such a system is the most rational. In large theaters, it is necessary to organize a radial evacuation of spectators. When constructing radial evacuation passages, a relatively gentle rise of the amphitheater (less than 1: 2) is required. It is recommended to make the sections of radial passages variable. The maximum theater capacity is calculated based on the norm of 0.5 m 2 per viewer (bench width 25 ... 35 cm, aisle width 45 ... 60 cm). Optimum throughput of collection passages and their exits is 500 ... 800 people / min.

The composition of structures and devices in the theater area is predetermined by their functional purpose. These can be areas ("foyers") for spectators to relax during the intermission, buffets, cafes or restaurants, a sculpture garden or a rose garden. The buildings of theaters dominate in the adjacent area of ​​the park, become its compositional theme, organize or subjugate the space. In the area of ​​the theater, elements of architectural and artistic design are appropriate: flower parterres, pools, fountains, sculpture, which enrich the appearance of the structure, carry a certain ideological load.

Zone of cultural and educational events. In large parks (50 ... 100 hectares), such a zone provides for reading pavilions, buildings for lecture halls, exhibitions. When designing, it should be borne in mind that the proximity of noisy entertainment conflicts with the specific operating conditions of the park. The green theater and dance floor should not be in close proximity to each other. On the contrary, the buildings of the exhibition and reading room, lecture hall and reading rooms can be placed side by side and solved in a single complex.

One of the types of cultural and educational events in large parks are Exhibitions. The aim of the exhibitions is to get acquainted with the history of the city, the achievements of science, technology, industry, agriculture, culture, gardening art. The composition of the territory of park exhibitions is determined by their location in the park, the size and landscape features of the territory. The size of the territory of park exhibitions, as a rule, ranges from 0.3 ... 0.5 to 1.5 ... 2.0 hectares. The sizes are coordinated by natural and climatic conditions, the area of ​​the park, the requirements for the organization of the exposition (including the pavilions). Exhibitions can be organized in the form of original sculpture gardens, roses, dahlias, lianas, etc. Such gardens are independent chamber, regular or landscape compositions, which have their own compositional center - pavilion, parterre, pond. The components of the exposition are placed within small limits of visual perception (up to 25 m). They should not be oversaturated with information, as this reduces the perception and artistic quality of the environment. At the same time, an object displayed against the background of tree plantations, a decorative wall made of natural stone, a group of flower compositions or a lawn should not create alienation of the object and the background, but, on the contrary, should complement the park composition, develop the artistic principle inherent in it. The vertical dimensions of park structures should not exceed 1/3 ... 2/3 of the height of the surrounding plantings. An exception may be compositional dominants, the height of which can be 1/4 more than the height of the surrounding trees. When building a garden-exhibition composition, an element of novelty or surprise is observed, which sharpens sensations (differences in rhythm, material, color, size, texture, etc.). Great importance should be attached to the decorative coating of roads and grounds, the inclusion of decorative pools, fountains, vases, etc. The exhibition is characterized by light pavilions, volumes on supports, any transforming structures that fit freely into the landscape.

When designing parks, it is necessary to provide reading pavilions, in which it is necessary to provide conditions for reading. For this purpose, quiet, calm areas of the park are distinguished by water bodies, on ledges of high slopes, in semi-open spaces, near lawns, meadows, and deep vistas opening up. The reading pavilion can be combined with a pavilion or platforms for board games, which does not violate the overall silence and convenience of storing game equipment. The reading pavilion can be combined with a garden-exhibition of plants in open ground ( iridarium, dahlia etc.), with an exhibition of sculptures, etc. To create a secluded setting near the reading room, you can design an outdoor patio with a decorative pool and sculptures or a covered gallery overlooking the surrounding landscapes. Sun loungers for reading are placed surrounded by vegetation, and if the area of ​​the garden allows, it is possible to create a poetry club with a small lecture hall in the air. Utilitarian items: garden furniture, information stands, kiosks, vases, sculpture - stylistically should obey the general character of the composition. The building of the reading room itself, responding to modern trends in landscape gardening architecture, is solved in the form of a medium-sized volume of a "human" scale, built using frame or other modern structures that give a lot of light to the rooms and do not break the connection with the surrounding landscape of the park (connection between the interior and the exterior) ... The park's target and walking trails should not cross the reading room garden, contributing to isolation, obeying its purpose.

Zone of physical culture and recreational activities... One of the main types of active recreational activities in the parks are sports and recreational games, training exercises, skiing, cycling, boating, swimming. The leading place in terms of value and area in a large multifunctional park (up to 100 hectares) is occupied by a sports complex, including playgrounds for tennis, volleyball, basketball, town games, etc. in the physical culture and health zone, recreational loads are high and, as a rule, amount to at least 100 people / ha. In large parks, sports complexes are designed, including: football field (100 NS 70 m); basketball courts (30 NS 20 m); volleyball (14 NS 23 m); small towns (15x30 m); tennis courts (20x 40 m); gymnastic ground; athletics core; shooting range (50 m); weightlifting ground; cycle track; swimming pool; gym. The largest sports complexes are subdivided into small - with a plot area of ​​at least 3 hectares and stands for seating from 1500 to 3000 seats; medium - with a plot area of ​​at least 5 hectares and stands for seating from 3,000 to 10,000 seats; large - respectively, up to 10 hectares and 10,000 ... 50,000 places. On the territory of a large sports complex, it is necessary to provide for such facilities as wardrobes, showers, judges' rooms, a doctor's room, a recreation room. Ancillary facilities are: warehouses, workshops, etc. When designing a sports area with football field, sports grounds it is necessary to orient these structures with a long axis from north to south with a permissible deviation for the latitude of the place from 45 to 60 ° by 5 ... 15 ° (in the Arctic - up to 25 °). When designing a sports facility in the open air, it is necessary to pay attention to the environment of the facility and the influence of unfavorable environmental factors - noise, dust, soot, northern (cold) winds and prevailing strong (more than 5 m / s) winds in this place. According to existing standards, the groundwater level should not exceed 70 cm from the surface of the football field.

Recreation area for children. For children's recreation, it is necessary to allocate areas with favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions. The territory can be solved in the form of: a) a local complex (at the main entrance); b) the main gaming complex (at the main entrance) and its branches (at additional entrances, in other parts of the park); c) individual sites or groups located on the territory of the park, taking into account the current natural situation. The last two options are typical for large parks, as well as parks surrounded by residential areas. When placing vegetation, it is necessary to take into account the shading of the territory, especially in the parks of the southern regions of cities. In the northern areas, where there are few sunny days, the shade of the park territory negatively affects visitors.

When designing children's playgrounds, their classification should be provided. Playgrounds are subdivided into: sand playgrounds; playgrounds for water games; playgrounds for creative games related to technical modeling, construction (for example, Robinson playgrounds, etc.), drawing, modeling. Allocate areas for teaching traffic rules and riding cars, bicycles and scooters; adventure playgrounds - space, underwater, fairytale fortresses and towns; zoo grounds and amusement grounds; playgrounds, etc. According to the approximate standards, playgrounds for sedentary games with sand for children under 3 years old are provided in sizes from 10 ... 100 m 2 at a rate of 3 m 2 per child). Playgrounds for outdoor collective games for children aged 4 ... 6 years - 120 ... 300 m 2 in size at a rate of 5.0 m 2 per child. Playgrounds for outdoor collective games for children aged 7 ... 12 years are provided with a size of up to 400 m.For adolescent children 12 ... 15 years old, playgrounds for various outdoor games - from single to mass games of a sports nature - are provided with a size of 2150. .. ... 7000 m 2 at a rate of 10 m 2 per visitor and playgrounds for children 14 years old (playgrounds for outdoor collective games; size

1200 ... 7000 m 2 at a rate of 15.0 m 2 per visitor). A number of original elements of equipment for adventure and water playgrounds have been developed in various design organizations in Russia and private design firms. The projects provide for the use of standardized standard parts made of wood, concrete, and plastics. Variable details are used, allowing to create elements of play equipment, small forms of architecture of "anti-vandal" nature. Recreation areas for children it is recommended to identify on the basis of an analysis of the natural features of the territory and provide for them taking into account the use of relief, water bodies, vegetation in combination with artificial elements (structures, play equipment, covering). Playgrounds in the park should be isolated from the transit traffic of adult visitors to the park. The planning solution of the children's complex should be simple, clear for the child's free orientation on the terrain, but not devoid of imagination. The optimal type of the volumetric-spatial structure of a children's zone is a semi-open landscape with areas with structures, lawns, and groups of trees. In the southern regions, shading devices such as sheds, arbors, and large groups of trees should be placed.

Walking area for quiet, passive relaxation. The area for a quiet rest should occupy the largest share in relation to the entire territory of the park (up to 70%). Recreational loads, as a rule, should be reduced to 40 ... 50 people / ha. The walking area is located on rugged terrain (natural or artificial), among meadows, groves, plantations, reservoirs. The composition is built entirely on the basis of natural factors according to the types of multifaceted spatial structure. On the territory of parks with inexpressive relief forms, the absence of vegetation and reservoirs, the task is to create a full-fledged garden and park landscape by means of landscape design (Fig. 4.8).

Rice. 4.8. An example of a city park in the central part of the city (Hungary, Budapest). The three-dimensional structure is built on the principle of a combination of open and semi-open spaces. The centers of gravity are a pond for boating, an open theater

air, organized on a poorly expressed relief

An important role is given to determining the range, capacity and number of garden and park structures, which depends on the size and type of the park. It is necessary to calculate the number of structures depending on the one-time capacity of the entire territory of the park and the approximate distribution of visitors across the zones of the park. Calculation data are specified by the design assignment. All structures should not overload the general nature of the garden and park landscape and harmoniously fit into its landscapes. Structures are identified and decorated with different types of plant groupings, should be made in a single style direction. So, especially in the zones of mass visits, capital structures should be compositionally linked both with the adjacent buildings and with the rest of the park's zones. In fig. 4.9-4.12 examples of the planning of multifunctional parks in Russian cities are given. In fig. 4.13 and 4.14 are examples of the layout of parks of district significance.

Landscape, architectural and planning organization of the park. The composition of the multifunctional park is multi-center. The relative position of the composition centers can be radial and sequential (or free). When designing the park, a protective strip of wood and shrubs should be provided

Rice. 4.9.

1 - the main entrance; 2 - parking lots; 3 - parterre; 4 - stadium; 5 - outdoor swimming pool; 6 - decorative reservoir; 7 - boat station; 8 - town of youth; 9 - green theater; 10 - sports grounds; 11 - the town of young naturalists; 12 - play channel for children

nikovye plantings and separate areas with the placement of entrances, parking lots, a utility yard. The depth of such a protective strip is projected at about 1/10 of the width of the park, but not less

10 ... 20 and no more than 150 m. In addition to performing utilitarian functions, the protective strip is a connecting link between the park and its surroundings, as well as an important compositional tool that visually expands the inner space of the park.

Park entrances(major and minor) are scheduled based on its location, size and attendance. The main entrance project from the side of the largest flow of visitors. It should be borne in mind that

Rice. 4.10.

riverbank):

• 1 - approaches to the park; 2 - spectacular mass zone; 3 - town of youth; 4 - children's area (for young children); 5 - sports area (stadium); 6 - attractions; 7 - zone of quiet rest and walks; 8 - economic zone (greenhouse; nursery, administration);
• 9 - beaches; 10 - islands on the river (according to L. B. Lunts)

multifunctional parks are usually used in winter. For this purpose, year-round institutions, such as cultural and educational, entertainment, etc., are recommended to be placed near the entrances to the park. The distances between the entrances to large parks, as a rule, should be taken at 500 m.

The artistic unity of the park territory is achieved by different means and is due to the potential capabilities of natural conditions, the absolute dominant (compositional center), the volumetric-spatial solution and the system of main and auxiliary viewpoints. From the theory of landscape art, the following methods of forming landscapes are well known. This is primarily: differentiation of landscape paintings into basic spatial plans,

trees, massifs, curtains

small forms: cafe, stage border of the territory proposed for construction in 1964 - 65. the boundaries of the plots allotted for building

borders of territories improved by 50 ... 60%

Rice. 4.11. The layout of the Friendship Park in Moscow (laid down in 1957, the project of the Mosproekt-3 workshop, in 2006 the territory was overhauled):

1 - site of commemorative landings; 2 - youth palace; 3 - playground; 4 - green theater; 5 - stage; 6 - Cafe; 7 - international student hostel; 8 - economic services; 9- Metro station; 10- bus station; 11 - Monument of Friendship of Peoples

identification of the boundaries of the first, second and background plans, scenario construction method, i.e., the location of landscapes at intervals of 30 ... 150 m, neutral in character, monotonous areas of plantations.

When designing a park for stages of pre-design survey is necessary careful landscape analysis to identify potential viewpoints, establish the range of depth and width of landscape paintings, the spatial relationship of compositional nodes. The landscape organization of large park complexes is based on perception in motion.

The space-planning structure of the park area includes the main and secondary walking routes, covering all functional zones of the park and its landscapes. Large park areas

Rice. 4.12.

1 - the main entrance to the park; 2 - main alley; 3 - gardening service; 4 - a complex of attractions; 5 - indoor amusement pavilion; 6 - rescue station; 7 - children's beach; 8 - ship village; 9 - a layout of a fragment of the city center; 10 - the alley of the brother cities of St. Petersburg; 11 - children's harbor; 12 - an international flower exhibition with a section of the diasporas of St. Petersburg; 13 - viewing platform; 14 - Cafe; 15 - alcove; 16 - public toilet; 17 - tennis courts, sports grounds; 18 - Beach; 19 - viewing platform; 20 - hotel; 21 - business center; 22 - aquapark; 23 - tennis stadium; 24 - indoor gyms; 25 - conference room, restaurant; 26 - slipways for small size fleet

Rice. 4.13.

XX century). The park is located in the floodplain of the Bitsa River on a steep relief:

1-3 - entrances to the park from the side of microdistricts in the form of platforms; 4-6 - playgrounds for children's recreation; 7 - lawn for games; 8, 9 - sports grounds with stands; 10-12 - open areas with floral decoration; 13 - playing field. The central axis is the transformed river bed with a system of dams, dams and artificially formed reservoirs; I,

II, III, IV, V - open spaces of the lawn

torii decide on based on the axial structure. In this case, the main and secondary perspectives can functionally and compositionally obey the planning axis or serve as a direction for movement along it. Axial compositions can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.

| - area for walking and quiet rest

Children's play area ^ - entrances to the garden

Sports and physical training complex

Rice. 4.14. An example of a residential area park layout: but- layout: U - stadium and sports grounds; 2 - swimming pool complex; 3 - restaurant and dance floor; 4 - green theater; 5 - cinema; 6 - Exhibition Pavilion; 7 - boat station; 8 - observation tower; 9 - awnings and pavilions; 10 - a pond for bathing; 11 - Beach; 12 - pond for boating; 13 - decorative reservoir; b - territory zoning scheme; in - tree and shrub group "1": (U - elm; 2 - dogwood is white; 3 - barberry Thunberg); G - tree and shrub group "2" (U - birch; 2 - Siberian fir; 3 - Spirea Van Gutt); d- tree-shrub group "3" (U - white poplar; 2 - small-leaved linden); e - tree and shrub group near reservoir "4" (U - white willow; weeping form); f- an array of mixed plantings "5" (U - birch, Norway maple, small-leaved linden, hazel, euonymus; 2 - dogwood is white; 3 - group of drooping birch)

| - zone of mass recreation

Symmetrical compositions(both static and dynamic) contribute to the organization and ordering of the park composition. Asymmetric solutions meet modern trends in park construction, identify elements of the landscape, provide viewing conditions, make it possible to avoid monotony, and reduce the amount of earthwork.

The proportionality of parts and the whole in the composition of the park, the orderliness of the variety of elements, the correspondence between a person and his subject environment are achieved by observing architectural and artistic proportions of the entire territory object. Volumetric-spatial organization of the landscape gardening, the ratio of closed and open spaces should correspond to the artistic concept, the situation of the area (the presence of relief, reservoirs, etc.) and natural conditions. Of particular importance are radiation environment, insolation degree territory. To create comfortable conditions for recreation in the parks of southern cities, shaded areas are needed - more than 50 ... 60% of the entire area of ​​the park. In the parks of northern cities, preference should be given to open spaces, illuminated alleys. For parks in the middle lane, an equal ratio of spaces (50 to 50%) or with a slight excess towards shading is recommended.

Volumetric-spatial composition of the park territory, like any object of landscape architecture, is formed due to certain types of parkland(TPN) - trees and shrubs, curtains, groves, groups, flower beds, open meadows and lawns, alleys, hedges. The types of parkland should be in harmonious combination with each other, obey the laws of landscape composition in accordance with proportions, scale, color. In addition, the volumetric-spatial composition is formed not only by plantings, but also by various structures, small architectural forms, equipment, sites for various purposes, road and path network. When designing, it should be borne in mind that types of parkland: massifs and clumps, groves, groups of trees and shrubs, lawns and glades with a herbaceous cover - should frame functional areas, decorate structures, create a contrast closed, semi-open and open spaces.

The ratio of spaces of various types formed by sites, park structures, plantings, and the methods of their interconnection determine the structure of the volumetric-spatial composition. When designing, the ratio of open, semi-open and closed spaces should be taken into account. The experience of designing parks in various natural and climatic conditions in Russia allows us to draw some conclusions on the types of volumetric-spatial structure of parks. Table 4.3 provides data from the experience of the design institute Soyuzgiprokommunstroy (70s of the XX century).

Table 4.3. The approximate ratio of types of volumetric-spatial structure in the territory of parks

The given data are conditional. In some cases, a larger percentage of the territory is allocated for open spaces, for example, in the territories of specialized parks. The comfort of the park environment and the artistic expressiveness of the park depend on the rational placement of various types of spaces. Open spaces: glades, lawns, reservoirs, playgrounds - create a single system, as it were, flowing from one to another, communicating large and small spaces, stimulating ventilation of the territory

Park roads, alleys and platforms. When designing a park, it is necessary to imagine the location of the main and secondary roads, sites, to establish their interconnections. Roads and alleys are an integral planning element of the park. The road network connects the park entrances with functional areas and sites. As the experience of creating parks shows, in the balance of the territory of a city park, roads and alleys, as a rule, amount to 8 ... 15%, sites - from 5 ... 10% to 20%. A dense network of roads does not promote orientation in the park area, imposes a fragmented landscape composition, worsens the state of plantings. In fig. 4.15 shows an example of tracing park alleys and roads.

Table 4.4. Typology and purpose of the road network in parks

Types of park alleys and roads	Width, m, with an estimated traffic lane of 0.75 m
Main pedestrian alleys and roads	6.Л0 and more	Connection of entrances, main zones to each other. Traffic intensity - 300 people / h	The covering is hard, framed by a side stone, with a drainage device, dividing strips along the axis with a width of 2 ... 3 m are allowed, passages are allowed every 25 ... 30 m. Pruning branches of closely spaced trees at a height of 2.5 m
Minor alleys and		Connection of secondary entrances and individual park nodes. Traffic intensity - up to 300 people / h	Covering from tiles or asphalt concrete, special mixtures, edging - garden board. Pruning tree branches at a height of 2 ... 2.5 m. Drainage in the form of trays. Floral Border Borders
Additional pedestrian roads		Approach to individual structures. Traffic intensity up to 100 people / h	Free tracing, soft coating of special mixtures, longitudinal slope is allowed up to 0.08, turns are fixed by groups of plants
		Additional network of walking paths	Tracing on slopes, through beams, ravines, streams, unpaved surface
Bike paths		Cycling	Closed tracing (rings, eights). The coating is hard. Pruning tree branches at a height of 2.5 m. Recommended service point
Horse riding roads		Horseback riding, carriages, sleigh rides.	Improved soil cover, pruning of branches of trees at a height of 4 m. Longitudinal slopes no more than 0.06

Rice. 4.15. Examples of the layout of park alleys and roads (left - profile, right - plan): a, b - main pedestrian walkways; in- embankment alley; G- intersection of the alley with the bike path; d- horse road and trail; on right: 1 - the main lane along the main alley; 2 - additional lane; 3 - minor road; 4 - additional road or trail; 5 - bike path; 6 - a road for horse riding; 7 - flower garden; 8 - lawn; 9 - plantings

When designing, it should be borne in mind that traffic can be allowed along the main and secondary alleys and roads with strict observance of traffic safety rules.

When designing roads, it should be borne in mind that the width of pedestrian alleys includes pedestrian zones, dividing lanes, trays, lanes and "west" for the installation of benches. The arrangement of dividing landscaped strips is usually arranged with an alley width of 10 ... 12 m. Roads have both utilitarian and decorative purposes, they are visual, guiding axes of the park, allowing one to perceive individual park pictures in a planned sequence. According to sanitary and technical requirements, the road surface should be smooth, comfortable for walking, not bright in color, compatible with the environment and not dusty. Covers are used from asphalt concrete (utility roads, etc.), from tiles, tamped roads stabilized with lime, seeding of granite crushed stone, gravel, etc. (slab sizes 50 x 50, 30 x 30 cm, etc., thickness 3.5 ... 7.0 cm). By changing the pattern of laying the slabs, the intervals between them, you can achieve variety and give a certain attractiveness to the park area. It should be borne in mind that a visitor to the park looks at the path in front of him 30% of the time. When designing, it should be remembered that the outline of roads, their smooth but elastic turns, without unnecessary distortions that are not justified by their functional purpose, in combination with plants, are an element that decorates the park landscape.

When designing a park, great importance should be attached to sites for various purposes. The types of sites are given in table. 4.5.

Table 4.5. Types of park areas and their approximate parameters

Types of sites		Minimum on one visitor
Unloading platforms at the entrances to the park	Taking into account the capacity of adjacent roads and alleys
Recreation areas (reading and board games, contemplative rest)
small (1 ... 2 persons)
medium (for 3 ... 5 people)
large (for 6 ... 15 persons)
Lawns (reading, relaxing on sun loungers, playing):
For cultural events (lectures, concerts)
Dance
Children's playgrounds:
for children under 3 years old (sandbox, games)
for children from 4 to 5 years old (outdoor games)
for children from 6 to 12 ... 14 years old (sports)
Sports and games (from singles to mass) *:
for children from 10-12 to 15 years old
for youth and adults

Sports grounds in parks are designed in accordance with and in accordance with SNiP Part II - 2001 "Sports Facilities".

Of great importance in modern conditions is the placement of sites for parking lots. Parking lots for visitors to the park should be located outside its territory, but no further than 400 m from the entrance to the park. Parking lots are designed at the rate of 5 ... 7 parking spaces per 100 one-time visitors. The dimensions of the land plots of parking lots for one place are taken as follows: for cars - 25 m 2, for buses - 40 m 2, for bicycles - 0.9 m 2. The specified dimensions do not include the area of ​​entrances and dividing strips, in which plantings are placed in the form of hedges of resistant shrubs.

In large parks (over 100 hectares), it is necessary organization of a flower and greenhouse economy.

Small architectural forms and structures. In multifunctional parks, when distributing structures, one should adhere to the standards given in Table. 4.6.

Table 4.6. An indicative list of structures for zones of a medium-sized multifunctional park

Constructions	Quantity,	One-time capacity, pers.	Area, m2
Concert hall
Open stage
Cinema lecture hall
Reading room
Small planetarium
Dance veranda
Exhibition Pavilion
Board Games Pavilion
Billiard room for two tables
Table tennis court (5 x 10)
Volleyball court (9x18 m)
Basketball court (14 x 26 m)
Site for small towns (15 x 30 m)
Tennis court (20 x 40 m)
Badminton court (8.1 x 13.4)
Sports pavilion
Inventory rental base
Children's stage

The end of the table. 4.6

Consideration of natural components in the design. The design process of a multifunctional park is inextricably linked with the natural conditions, the master plan for the development of the city, which dictates the nature of its general spatial concept, the basis for which is the interaction of elements of architecture and landscape. Figurative solution some parks are based on the combination and identification of the main features of the existing landscape, while others are based on its cardinal changes, especially during the construction of the park on inconvenient, disturbed territories. Based on the landscape-genetic characteristics of the territory, taking into account the town-planning significance (city, district park), the size of the park's territory, the patterns of building the planning composition are revealed. When designing, you should take into account the features of the terrain: the presence of slopes and small contours of the relief, the heterogeneity of geological and hydrological conditions, the diversity of soils and vegetation, the specificity of the local climate and microclimate, the general sanitary and hygienic state of the territory. It is necessary to take strict account of the functional planning organization of the territory and the location of park structures. The main components of the garden and park landscape play a fundamental role - relief, reservoirs, vegetation.

Relief. The relief of the park territory creates the basis for the architecture of the landscape, divides the space, closing or opening it, provides the creation of picturesque plans, view perspectives. Rugged terrain complicates and increases the cost of construction of structures and areas that require a flat surface and stable soils, and therefore is mainly used for organizing recreational activities. Parks are created as on flat and difficult terrain. When creating parks on flat relief subtle irregularities of the earth's surface, small hillocks, closed depressions are used, which are arranged on the rhythm of horizontal planes, on the strengthening of surface differences by creating a bulengrin, a spitugarde, the inclusion of a water parterre, enlivening the monotony of the earth's surface. The decisive role is played by emphasizing the illusory perception of microrelief forms by strengthening the vertical marks. So, for example, reservoirs are designed on the relief depressions, on the relief elevations - trees and shrubs, structures. It is also possible to deliberately complicate tracing of roads, the device of bulk hills, a variety of panoramas from different-height wings of plantations.

The planning composition should use natural landforms - slopes and terraces above the floodplain, mountainous areas (territories), mountain valleys, ravine areas. On the areas with pronounced relief to enhance the expressiveness of park landscapes, you should consider stepped composition of the terrace system. The upper terraces can be positioned with wide vistas, the lower terraces with more limited views. Structures can be placed on wide terraces, while steep slopes can be left free from buildings. D 7 i mountain areas characteristic of the spiral development of the composition, its gradual disclosure to the surrounding landscapes. The top of the mountain is used as a viewing terrace with a construction site. Parkovy mountain valley landscape is formed as a longitudinal axis of the composition and is built taking into account the visual impact of mountain slopes, division of space into zones, the use of insolated slopes for the construction of recreation sites. On the ravine territory it is necessary to develop a major or minor visual axis, depending on the shape of the ravine. The forms of the ravine dictate the predominance of closed compositions. At the same time, the organization of the upper viewpoints on the edges is acceptable and effective, and the exit from the understated part of the park can be expressive. Depending on the general planning system, the treatment of ravine slopes is carried out by smoothing the hillocks, filling depressions, fixing the slopes with grasses and shrubs. At a high altitude, the slope can be divided into ledges using terraces, retaining walls decorated with grottoes, cascades, natural stone, vines, and stairs connecting the terraces.

The character of the road-path network, sharp turns of roads depend on the degree of rugged ™, the dissection of the relief. When tracing roads on the relief with the greatest longitudinal slopes (up to 60%), stairs should be provided. Straight ascents with slopes of the order of 10 ... 15% are best replaced with diagonal ones. Serpentine roads with diagonal directions are suitable for steep slopes. When designing in areas located in hilly terrain, mountain slopes, in the ravines, it is possible to use the method of creating rocky gardens regular or landscape planning, including a reservoir, a stream. The composition of such a garden is dictated by its function, relief, selection of plants and stones. In fig. 4.16 shows the method of geoplastics (i.e., the creation of an artificial microrelief) in certain areas of the park territory by excavation during the creation of

Rice. 4.16. Reception of the formation of artificial microrelief in the park, (architects

I. N. Razuvaeva, N. V. Gavrilova, L. A. Troitskaya and others): but:1 - Lake; 2 - entrance; viewpoint; 3 - decorative cascade; 4 - administration; 5 - greenhouse; 6 - Garden "Nature and Fantasy"; 7 - "Glade of the Southern Sun"; 8 - southern slope; 9 - a lawn for games and public events; 10 - an area with sports and play equipment; b- techniques of geo-plastics of the relief in the areas of the park: 1 - Hill; 2, 3 - recreation areas; 4 - trail

Denmark of a lake, filling an artificial hill, arrangement of viewing platforms, etc.

Water surfaces. Water surfaces in parks can be represented by reservoirs and water devices of both natural and artificial origin. Water is effectively used as a means of improving the natural environment, aesthetic enrichment of the landscape and the creation of full-fledged recreation sites. Water bodies of significant size (natural or artificial) are the compositional center, a kind of "ecological core" of the park, influencing the planning decision as a whole. An analysis of the layout of a number of urban multifunctional parks in Russia, Ukraine and other countries makes it possible to distinguish the following types of parks by the nature and location of reservoirs, water surface area:

• coastal parks - the park area is adjacent to the reservoir (sea, lake, river, reservoir). They can be subdivided into three subtypes: mainland, peninsular and island (1 ... 2 islands and more);
• parks with large bodies of water - the water surface area is over 30% in relation to the total area of ​​the park. The presence of large water surfaces contributes to the creation of sports parks, which are sometimes considered as hydro parks;
• parks with medium-sized bodies of water(reservoir, lake, river) - the area of ​​water surfaces is 15 ... 30%;
• parks with small water bodies(stream, pond, lake, water device) - water surface area up to 15%.

The water surfaces included in the park areas justify the composition of landscapes, the placement of structures and the tracing of roads. Water bodies include rivers, canals, reservoirs, ponds. For water devices - pools, fountains, high currents, drops. Park water bodies can be classified according to the following criteria: natural and artificial; large (main rivers, rivers of the I-II order, lakes, reservoirs with an area of ​​over 100 hectares), medium (rivers of the III order, reservoirs and ponds with an area of ​​10 ... 100 hectares), small (rivers of the IV order, streams, lakes, ponds with an area less than 10 hectares); water devices are deep (more than 3 m), medium depth (1 ... 3 m), shallow (up to 1 m); flowing (rivers, streams, canals), standing (lakes, reservoirs, ponds); extended (rivers, canals), compact (lakes, reservoirs, ponds, pools).

When designing parks on floodplains the width of the floodplain should be taken into account; this width should be at least 400 m, while it is necessary to highlight peat areas. Flooding of parks is allowed once every 10 years (10% of availability) and flooding of capital objects with floods once every 100 years (1% probability).

In this respect, an interesting demonstration park of culture and recreation in Krasnodar, located in the floodplain of the Kuban River (architect V. N. Antoninov).

When designing parks in floodplains, the following options for engineering preparation of the territory are possible: partial backfilling of beaches and areas for buildings, installation of polders with gravity discharge of water into the lower parts of the reservoir, complete or partial backfilling of the territory, embankment, drainage, as well as the creation of new water areas and artificial landforms.

When designing reservoirs in parks, it should be borne in mind that the state of the water causes different moods in a person. Moving waters (waterfall, cascade, river) make a person feel cheerful and happy. The water of a closed reservoir - a pond, a pool, their reflecting water mirror contributes to dreaminess, tranquility. The speed of the current, the direction of the river bed are determined by the relief, the constituent rocks, for example, a turbulent rustling mountain river or a calm current, smooth bends of plain rivers. The streams running among stones, grasses, trees in the park are spectacular with their movement, sparkling in the sun, and the music of bubbling water. Fountains in parks create an atmosphere of splendor and completeness of the composition.

When designing parks on the seashore, lakes the orientation of the water space on the axis of the alleys should be taken into account when tracing the esplanades and embankments. From the viewing platforms, terraces, one should open water surfaces with an expanded panorama of the opposite bank, the river bed with changing pictures of the banks. An unpleasant impression is left by the park composition, which is not opened towards the reservoir, which does not take into account its proximity. When artificially watering the park, to create reservoirs, it is advisable to use ravines, gullies, mined out pits, natural relief depressions, swampy areas. Such forms of the earth's surface are filled with water: small rivers and watercourses by blocking them; large rivers, lakes, and reservoirs by diverting water; rising to the surface and high-standing groundwater - by land reclamation and clearing wetlands.

In fig. 4.17 is an example of a park on a large river.

Rice. 4.17. An example of the use of water in the Amur park in Khabarovsk:

1 - urban development; 2 - Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy of the Khabarovsk Territory; 3 - sports zone; 4 - rowing channel; 5 - playground; 6 - Beach; 7- walking area; 8 -

parking

In some cases, it is advisable to use water from specially provided wells to power large sports, swimming and decorative pools, fountains and other water devices. It is allowed to take water from the drinking water supply only for feeding small water devices (decorative, children's splash pools, small fountains). Decorative pools varied in shape, size, depth (0.4 ... 0.5 m). They are low-sided, allowing full use of the beauty of the mirror-like surface of the water in the landscape of the park. For normal visual perception, the area of ​​the pool should not exceed 1/3 of the surrounding space. For decorative purposes in parks and urban areas are used fountains of various types with or without a pool (water absorption by a drainage surface covered with gravel or pebbles) (Figure 4.18):

• high multi-jet and single-jet (2 ... 5 m in height),
• curtain fountains,
• fountain plates (40 ... 50 cm high),
• fountains-lenses of different colors and heights, enveloped in a film of water, etc.

/)> H> 0.5D

where O - pool diameter; H - jet height.

Rice. 4.18.

from fountains of different heights

In coastal and shallow water areas, as well as in some places of decorative pools, passages from concrete blocks and stones are installed. To obtain the greatest hygienic and microclimatic effect in large areas of the projected parks, large reservoirs should be envisaged. It should be borne in mind that reservoirs with large water surfaces have a vast influence zone - 400 ... 500 m, and when exposed to breezes - up to 2000 m.

The air is cleaned of dust and gas, temperature fluctuations soften, and the relative humidity of the air rises. The nature of the formation of the park landscape with water surfaces depends on the origin of water bodies, their placement in the park, functional use (recreational, sports, decorative), the size, shape of the water mirror and the view from the coastline and from the water surface. Of great importance is the construction of panoramas of coastal landscapes near reservoirs of a compact and extended form, as well as the organization of views in the sequence of views near reservoirs of complex configuration. When designing a coastline, it is necessary to take into account the orientation, prevailing winds, relief, coastal outlines and relate to the tasks of the composition. With a sufficient area of ​​the reservoir (10 ... 15 hectares), it is recommended to form coastal plantations in the form of groups of trees that are pure in composition, contrasting in height, texture, and color of crowns. The inclusion of freestanding trees enriches the landscape. When dealing with reservoirs elongated the northern coast should be well lit, have stands with bright colors, well-developed tree crowns. When designing, beautifully flowering plants should be used. For the perception of the shaded southern coast, trees with light crowns (willow, birch, poplar) are introduced. The eastern shore of the reservoir is especially spectacular in the second half of the day, so here plantations are settled in the form of compact groups of trees. On the western shore of the reservoir, it is recommended to provide for groups of trees and single specimens (tapeworms). In addition to woody plants, herbaceous plants are also used:

Coastal - Siberian iris, marsh forget-me-not, marsh fireweed-

ny and etc.;

• shallow water - 0.45 ... 0.60 m depth - marsh whale, golden, calla, bitter shamrock and etc.;
• deep water - 1.5 ... 1.8 m depth - clematis, water lily, yellow water lily, etc.

The composition of the park can be enriched with islands of different configuration and relief. One or two types of trees are placed on the islands (pine, spruce, birch, larch, willow), and in some cases pavilions, monuments and bridges. With an island area of ​​0.1 to 0.6 hectares, the water surface area should be 10 ... 12 hectares.

The shores of reservoirs can be designed in the form:

• a slope reinforced with turf and with a stone rim,
• slope with stone cladding,
• retaining wall with balustrade.

For the treatment of the banks of the stream, wild untreated (natural) stone can be used.

The greatest health-improving effect is achieved when using park reservoirs for swimming, sunbathing and air bathing, boating, amateur and sport fishing. On summer days, reservoirs attract up to 70% of park visitors, of which 50 ... 60% rest on the beaches (one fourth of them swim), 6% go on boats, 4% go fishing and take walks along the coast.

Relaxing beaches when designing, it is necessary to place it on the southern, southeastern and southwestern slopes, sufficiently protected from cold air currents, on a dry sandy or grassy coastal strip more than 50 m wide, at least 30% of which can be used for a beach. Swimming places (rivers with a length of more than 10 km and a width of more than 50 m; ponds, lakes with an area of ​​at least 10 hectares; average depth of 1.5 ... 2.5 m) should be located away from marinas, fishing grounds, as well as outside areas outlets of abundant groundwater and springs, 100 m above the places of discharge of treated wastewater.

When designing, you should take into account the approximate norms (SNiP 2.07.01-89 *). So, the area of ​​the water surface for bathing should be 14 m 2 for adults and at least 10 m 2 for a bathing child. The bathing area is limited by warning buoys (1.7 m high). The general health beach is designed at the rate of 5 ... 7 m 2, medical - 8 ... 12 m 2 per visitor. The beach capacity should not exceed 1.5 ... 2.0 thousand people. Beach equipment, as a rule, includes: one dressing room for 20 guests, a drinking fountain for 200 m 2 of the beach, 50 m 2 of shady areas per 1 hectare of the beach, two volleyball courts for 1.5 hectares of the beach, a single toilet for 150 guests.

When developing a project, it is necessary to provide for windbreaks of plantations with a width of 25 ... 50 m, depending on the direction, speed and frequency of the wind. Dividing the beach with plantations backstage will ensure the rational use of the territory.

Boat stations should be located away from marinas, beaches, bathing areas and recreational fishing. Capacity of boat stations and berths: minimum - 10, maximum - 50 boats. The length of the mooring boom should be at least twice the length of the longest boat, width - 5 m, height above water - 0.15 m. The length of the berth for one boat is 1 ... 2 m. park, rivers, artificial canals, existing lakes and reservoirs, as well as ponds (dimensions 50 m wide and more and a depth of at least 0.8 m). For one boat, the length of the water section of the pond should be 0.3 ... 0.5 km, the area - 0.2 ... 0.5 hectares. It is desirable that several ponds are connected to each other and an interesting boat route is laid. For sailing boats, the length of the water section per boat is 0.3 ... 0.5 km, the area of ​​the reservoir is 7 ... 20 hectares. Therefore, their use is possible in the presence of reservoirs, ponds with an area of ​​more than 100 hectares, rivers with a length of more than 1.5 km, a width of 0.3 km and a depth of more than 1.2 m. - 20 ... 40 hectares.

For motor boats, reservoirs, canals, rivers with a length of more than 5 km and a width of more than 50 m are used; lakes, ponds - with an area of ​​more than 200 hectares and a depth of more than 2.0 m.

Vegetation. Vegetation is one of the main components of the multifunctional park. Plantings in parks can be of various types. As mentioned above, these are massifs, groves, clumps, groups, tapeworms, alleys, hedges, spaces of meadows and lawns with grassy cover. Types of parkland are the basis of the type of spatial structure of the park (TPN) and the sustainability of the created cultural garden and park landscape in the urban environment. In central Russia, over 200 species of trees and shrubs and about 200 species of herbaceous plants can be used. When selecting plants, they are divided into the main (local plants or those in a long-term culture) and an additional assortment. The main forest-forming species should form the basis of TVPs designed on large areas of multifunctional parks in central Russia: spruce, pine, oak, linden, birch. An additional assortment of plants depends on the size, function of the object and is mainly used to create accents in shape, color, texture. Plantings should be biologically sustainable, close to natural plant combinations. The determination of the main park-forming species of woody plants corresponding to the forest-growing conditions (climate, relief and soils) of the developed territory is carried out according to two methods of assessing the forest-growing conditions:

• dominant vegetation;
• phytoindication of climate and soil.

The following classification units have been adopted for the phytoindication method: type of site, type of forest, type of stand. Using the taxation, geobotanical or soil description of the territory allotted for the organization of the park, the possible composition of the main park-forming rocks is determined.

Arrays. Arrays are used to recreate the natural landscape in large urban parks and forest parks. The area of ​​the massif of plantations in city parks is 1 ... 4 hectares and more. Depending on the dominant woody plant species massifs are subdivided into coniferous (dark and light coniferous) and deciduous (broad and small-leaved); by composition - on pure, composed of one breed, and mixed; by structure - single-tiered and multi-tiered (when the floors of the crowns are located at different heights). Choice the main species forming the array determines its appearance: spruce, fir, beech, hornbeam with dark trunks and dense foliage form gloomy shady plantations; pine, birch, larch, ash, acacia, with transparent crowns, they form sunny and light plantings. Companion breeds enhance and enrich the forest environment, highlight the decorative qualities of the main breed through contrast or nuance. For example, ate set off the whiteness of the trunk, the lightness of the crowns and the mobility of the leaves birches. Arrays and clumps of plantations, designed in the park along its border, adjacent buildings and highways, perform an important protective, sanitizing function (noise and dust protection from city highways).

Groves. In urban parks with a limited area, small woodlands are created with an area of ​​no more than 1.0 hectares, consisting mostly of one species of woody plants, which gives them a unique look. An example is a birch grove (birch grove).

Groups of trees and bushes. These are peculiar plant groupings, widely used in parks and other landscaping objects, which form a kind of intermediate link between massifs, groves and open spaces. For groups, plant species with the most attractive crowns, branch patterns, leafy leaves, compatible with each other in ecological and decorative terms, are appropriate. Groups of trees can be clean, composed of one type of plant, mixed and surrounded by shrubbery. Whenever possible, groups of shrubs are placed against the background of arrays of trees. The number of specimens in a group of shrubs depends on the species composition of plants and is usually determined by their size, for example: large shrubs ( lilac, hawthorn, honeysuckle, goof etc.) - 3 ... 4 m from each other; medium ( barberry, golden currant, lilac, red-leaved rose) - G..2 m; small (magnolia, two-flowered broom, cinquefoil) - 0.5 ... 1 m. When forming groups, it is necessary to take into account the proportionality and unity of parts, rhythm, scale, proportions, contrast. Thus, contrasts arise when trees are compared with opposite properties of crowns. Weeping crown birch favorably set off by a dense pyramidal shape fir or spruce, large-leaved trees contrast well with small-leaved trees, dark green foliage of plants stands out against a background of light green foliage, etc. When contrasts are formed, the color of not only leaves, but also branches, trunks, flowers, can be taken into account. Comparison of the layers of different stands also creates a contrast, for example, undergrowth from juniper contrasted in shape and color to the upper canopy birch. In this case, one of the plant species should be in a dominant position, and the other species should be subordinate to the first species. In fig. 4.19 gives examples of types of groups of woody plants from several species in different quantitative proportions. In fig. 4.20 shows a diagram of the long-term formation of picturesque groups of woody plants.

Tapeworms. These are single specimens, as a rule, trees growing separately, in places open to the view, in glades. Tapeworms are formed by planting seedlings as part of a homogeneous group of plants

Rice. 4.19.

• (by Prof. I. O. Bogovaya):
  • 1 (BUT- structure: coarse, medium fine; B- closeness 0.8, 0.3; IN- the form of plantings: simple, complex; G- color: dark light; D- habit: symmetrical, asymmetrical; E- value: large projection area of ​​crowns, small); II - shrubs in groups (A: 1 - enrichment of color, texture; 2 - the duration of flowering; 3 - creation of a monolith: but- when illuminating new territories; b- when reconstructing old ones; B: classification of groups by composition: 1 - pure groups: a, b- deciduous; c, d- conifers; 2 - mixed groups: a, b - deciduous; c, d - conifers; d - deciduous; e - conifers; f - mixed)

niy. By gradual selection, the most viable and beautiful specimen is left in such a group. Against the background of the lawn, trees with regular conical and spherical shapes are preferable, against the background of a natural forest, a spreading crown is more appropriate, near the water - weeping, etc.

This type of plantation is formed along park roads, along their borders, forming a shady vault, which provides good conditions for walking, especially in areas with hot summer sun. In areas with a cool, humid climate, the alleys are formed in the form of sparse plantings of trees, which contributes to the better development of trees and creates an effective combination of light and shadow. The wider and

Rice. 4.20. Composition of groups of woody plants in the process of age variability: a-c - consistently during the growth and development of plants; the formation of an edge of rapidly growing species of shrubs (section, plan); g-e- age-related variability in the process of growth and development. Plants of 1st class in height, 2nd class in height, 3rd class in height (related species)

the longer the alley, the more powerfully growing species of trees with a wide crown are used to create it, and the greater the distance should be between them both in length and width (Fig. 4.21). Trees for creating alleys should have straight trunks and crowns of approximately the same shape, for example, spherical or pyramidal. When creating shaded alleys, use linden, Norway maple, oak, chestnut and other types. Light alleys are formed from trees with transparent crowns. This is larch, birch, ash and etc.

Rice. 4.21.

A (general view): the formation of landscapes: but- regular placement of trees with a dense crown; b - curved track with sparse row placement of trees; in - curved track with the placement of trees in groups; B (plan): a, b - of two types of trees with division by rows, in - formation at the planning unit (intersection of paths and site)

Living hedges, green walls. These types of plantings are created from trees and shrubs and are used for dense framing or delimitation of any park areas, grounds, for arranging green curtains near summer theaters and stage, creating a clear perspective on any object or view, masking individual structures, decorating the background monument, etc. To create hedges and "green walls" use a linear arrangement of plants in one row, in two or three rows. As an assortment of plants, species that tolerate pruning are used: trees (spruce, thuja, juniper, linden, elm, hornbeam, beech, field maple) and shrubs (privet, hawthorn, irga, cotoneaster, varieties of lilac and etc.).

Vertical gardening climbing plants are used to create shadow and wind screens, decorate building facades, decorate blank end walls, pergolas, gazebos, tennis courts, etc. Some types of climbing plants ( maiden grapes, three-pointed, five-leafed, real, Amur; actinidia is large; Chinese wisteria; woodworm; Kirkazon Manchu and etc.) reach a height of 15 ... 20 m.

Lawns. Lawns in parks form open spaces and are an artificial turf cover created by sowing and growing certain types of grasses, mainly perennial grasses. Lawns occupy a significant part of the park area and are subdivided into: parterre, ordinary, landscape gardening and meadow. Parterre lawns (from dense low-growing grasses of one color) are located near park monuments, monuments, decorative ponds, fountains, and sculptural groups. Ordinary lawns have such requirements as longevity, resistance to mechanical damage, shade tolerance. At the same time, mixtures of several cereal perennial grasses with various types of tillering are used. Meadow lawns are usually created in large parks by improving natural grass stands.

Flower beds. This type of planting is a means of decorating the territories of individual elements of parks. At the entrances to the territory, at monuments, sculptural groups on sites, etc., regular methods of design are used in the form of geometric shapes of parterres, flower beds, rabatki, various vases, and vertical volumetric compositions. They are formed mainly from summer flowers, biennial, carpet-deciduous and deciduous-flowering crops. In recreation areas, landscape types of flower beds are used: massifs, groups, mixborders, flowering lawns and single plantings of perennials. Large-scale compositions in the form of flower arrays with a size of 100 ... 1000 m 2 and more are usually formed on glades and edges of groves, mainly from perennials of bright colors. Groups of free pictorial outlines ranging in size from 3 ... 5 to 40 ... 50 m 2 are the most common type of decoration. Borders of perennials in the form of a strip 1 ... 3, and sometimes up to 5 m wide, are usually used to border roads and areas, are arranged from low compact plants with abundant flowering and are placed in sunny places protected from the wind. Single plantings of perennial bushes emphasize compositionally the most important places of the lawns - at the entrances to the building, at the bends of the paths, at the intersection of roads, etc. - and are calculated for consideration from a distance of 2 ... 3 m.

Vegetation placement rates. An important role in the design of plantings is played by the density (density) of park plantings per unit of territory. The rate of placement of trees and shrubs is determined depending on the compositional features of certain areas. In the central parts of the parks, in the areas of mass visits, the rate of placement of trees is on average 90 ... 100 pcs., And shrubs - 1000 ... 1500 pcs. per 1 hectare. Linear planting of trees in the form of alleys, curbs, hedges prevails here. The walking parts of the parks are characterized by the predominance of dense groups, curtains, and massifs. The density of plants on average is 1 hectare: trees - 170 ... 200 pcs., Shrubs - 800 ... 1200 pcs. In the arrays, it is planned to plant seedlings of the 2nd group (8 ... 11 years) with their placement at a distance of 5 x 5 m, or 400 pieces. per 1 hectare. Thin (loose) plantings are carried out by seedlings of the 3rd group (12 ... 16 years old) with an increase in the distance to 6 ... 8 m, or 230 pcs. per 1 hectare. Open landscapes are formed by single specimens of trees at the rate of 50 pieces. per 1 hectare, with plants of the 3rd group (large-sized seedlings). The ratio of trees and shrubs is accepted in the range of 1: 4 ... 1: 10. The average rate of density of plants on the territory of protective zones should be up to 400 pcs. trees and 1200 pcs. shrubs. The density of planting in arrays can be up to 500 pieces. trees (seedlings of the 1st group) and up to 1200 pcs. shrubs.

For example, open theaters of mass song ("Singing Field") in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia in the form of complex architectural complexes are designed for tens of thousands of singers. When organizing open theaters, their purpose is taken into account - for showing films, mass choral performances, universal, combining a number of functions.

The tradition of arranging such scenes dates back to the 17th century. and became widespread in the architecture of Russian "air" theaters of the 18th century. (theater in Kuskovo, in Pavlovsk). In these theaters, small stage platforms were arranged (Kuskovo - 24 x 18 m, Marley - 15 x 18 m), raised 1.0 ... 1.2 m above the level of the floor of the amphitheater, with rows of trees and bushes forming clear boundaries of the stage ... The backstage of the stage was clipped trellises with a height of 2.0 ... 2.5 m (trees, shrubs), perspectively extending into the depths of the stage; the backdrop is a wall of taller green spaces. The distances between the wings were 1.5 ... 2.5 m.

Back in the 70s of the XX century. in Japan in Osaka at the international exhibition "Expo" an entertainment complex "Expoland" was created for children and adults, including Russian large and small mountains, carousels, a Ferris wheel, attractions: "Crystal Palace", "Flight into space", " Hurricane "," Journey along the river "," World of toys "," Alley of wooden horses ". For example, the "Hurricane" attraction was a system of cabins on rotating platforms surrounded by a fantastic "raging ocean", movie screens with noisy waves and created the illusion of sailing on a ship during a storm. Examples of equipment for children's areas can be traced to the layout of modern parks-models La Bilet, Disneyland (France, Paris), etc. Observational, dynamic attractions with movement in one or more planes, with inclined and concentric traffic routes have become widespread; themed attractions: space, sea, air, underground, underwater, automobile, railway, creating the illusion of adventure travel.

The procedure for pre-design inspection is described in more detail in Ch. 7.