Arthur Rimbaud from which he died. See what "Rambo, Arthur" is in other dictionaries
Paul Verlaine and Arthur Rimbaud - Two French poets who have made a huge contribution to world literature. Their connection is called passionate, destructive, "wrong." Paul Verlaine was a man of fine mental organization, easily succumbing to the influence of others, and Rimbaud was called a young brilliant villain. Whatever it was, but their relationship gave rise to beautiful verses, which are still read by descendants.
Arthur Rimbaud was born in 1854. The father left the family when his son was still very young. Mother had a tough character and did not show any affection for either her son or other children. Studying was easy for Arthur, since childhood he has been successful in rhyming, only he lacked zeal. Mother absolutely did not care about instilling in her son elementary manners, paying attention to appearance. Arthur grew up an absolute slut. The unique talent of writing contrasted sharply with the sloppy look of Rimbaud.
The indefatigable energy of the young poet could not find an entrance to the provinces. When Arthur Rimbaud turned 16, he decided to write to Paul Verlaine, at that time already a famous poet. The young man was delighted with Verlaine's work and attached his poems to the letter. To the great surprise of Rimbaud, Paul Verlaine liked his poetry, and he even invited the young man to Paris, having paid the road.
The conditions in which Paul Verlaine grew up were completely different from the life of his protege. The mother, who suffered three miscarriages, considered her son to be a unique child and did her best to give him the best. Paul grew up an ugly boy, but in return nature gave him talent.
Excessive custody of an enthusiastic mother led to the fact that Paul easily succumbed to other people's influence. At a young age, he tasted the taste of alcohol and hash. But, what most terrified the poet was the attraction to men. Paul Verlaine thought it was unnatural. He tried to "cure this disease" by tying himself up by marriage.
Matilda Monet became the chosen one of the poet. Being a 17-year-old girl, she read out Verlaine's poems. In 1870 they got married, and soon Matilda became pregnant.
In 1871, Arthur Rimbaud appeared on the threshold of the poet’s house. He looked terrible: disheveled unwashed hair, dirty clothes, a cold look. When he was invited to the table, the provincial poet constantly burped, champed, spoke with his mouth open. Matilda was terrified, and Paul looked at the young talent as bewitched. Rimbaud took the poet's wife as an enemy, and in conversations with Verlaine, he called her nothing more than a "rat."
Paul Verlaine introduced Arthur Rimbaud, who was 10 years younger than him, in his entourage. Friends did not know how to relate to the poet’s protege. Everyone recognized his talent, but Rambo’s terrible behavior repelled people.
Matilda could not endure Rambo for a long time at home and, in the end, insisted that her husband send him out of the doorway. Paul Verlaine tried to attach the young poet to his acquaintances, but he was persecuted from everywhere. Then he rented a room for his “dear friend”.
Arthur Rimbaud adversely affected Verlaine. If earlier he somehow restrained the “demons" inside himself, now they have escaped to freedom. When Verlaine went over to the side of homosexual love, the images of Minerva and Venus immediately disappeared from his poems. Moreover, Verlaine began to get drunk daily to unconsciousness. The poet preferred absinthe to wine.
The intoxicated poet became very aggressive. Paul Verlaine began to beat his wife, but each time after the fights, he begged for forgiveness from Matilda. Once he almost provoked a miscarriage. In the end, she could not stand it and filed for divorce.
In the passionate relationship of the two poets aggression was constantly present. Once Arthur wounded Paul with a knife in the thigh and arm. He did not report to the police. After some time, Verlaine shot Rambo, and this ended for him with a 2-year prison sentence. However, Arthur Rimbaud even rejoiced at this turn of events, he began to bore an adult, always drunk lover.
After the release of Verlaine from prison, they met for the last time. Their conversation ended in a quarrel. Arthur Rimbaud found rich patrons and went to the colonies. As for Paul Verlaine, then every year he sank lower and lower. The only "bright spot" in his life, he considered a connection with the "brilliant villain."
Arthur Rimbaud passed away at age 37. It is this age that is called critical for poets: “Pushkin made a duel for himself under this figure, and Mayakovsky lay his head on his barrel.”
ARTHUR REMBO
(1854-1891)
Arthur Rimbaud was born in 1854 in Charleville and lived a short life - only 37 years old. But Rimbaud - died a long time before the official date of his own death: the last of his recognizable works - "Time in Hell" - was completed in the summer of 1873, when the poet was only nineteen. In other words, this brilliant man managed to live for almost two more decades, forever excluding poetry from his own life.
Charleville - a small town in the north-east of France. There, at the age of seven, Rimbaud began to write in prose, and then in poetry, where he received school education. As a child, Arthur impressed his own teachers not only with extraordinary successes in his studies, but also with the phenomenal maturity of his mind.
In August 1870, Rimbaud left Charleville, reached Paris, and then went to Belgium, where he tried to do journalism. With the help of the police, my mother returned the minor offspring home. So from this moment it will always be, until its death, - as if aiming for some mysterious goal, Rambo tries to constantly move, searches for something. The constant renewal of the pathos of his poetic thinking.
The fate of this poet reflected the turning points of modern history of France. The actions of the Paris Commune helped the rebels to “tear out the roots”, to leave the past, from the bourgeois Charleville. The poet's first protest was romantic, romanticism prompted his lyrics too. Rambo began with his student devotion to the then authorities: V. Hugo, the poets of Parnassus, S. Baudelaire - in other words, French romantics. Illustrative for the beginning of Rimbaud’s work is the huge poem “The Blacksmith”. Everything in it recalls Hugo's poetry: a historical plot from the time of the Great French Revolution, an epic content and an epic form, republican thought and a monumental style.
Mastering the experience of romanticism, Rambo in a short time seemed to repeat the stages of development of this literary trend in his creative path. This happened in the very first phase of the poet’s creative biography, which lasted 18 months - from January 2, 1870, the date of publication of the first Rimbaud's poem, until May 1871 - the date of the defeat of the Commune. Each step of the poetic growth of the poet was indicated by a strange desire at first glance - to get rid of what he himself had already done.
By the 1870s, Rambo made more than 10 poems in which the dependence on romantic tradition is more tangible. Almost all of them are written in the Alexandrian verse, which embodied the deep-rooted norms of the "correct" French versification. In the transition to the next phase of creativity, the tone and style of Rimbaud’s poetry remains virtually unchanged. Pathetics gives way to sarcasm - from a worthy admiration in the past, the poet runs to an unworthy real. The majestic and sublime images are changed by useless and caricatured species. Tough, sharp, causing intonations are affirmed.
The stages of the path of Rimbaud-poet are measured from time to time by several verses. So, learning the experience of romanticism, Rambo became interested in Baudelaire. “Flowers of Evil” are recalled when reading his sonnet “Venus Anadiome”. This sonnet is already a new step in the development of its aesthetics. The poet seems to eradicate the "literary" idea of \u200b\u200bbeauty. The embodiment of love - a lady and a sign of love - Venus is humiliated to a caricature of confused. Rambo also encroaches on concrete love, approaching sheer disbelief.
In the summer of 1870, the poet left Charleville, which embodied for him public order, religion, family. At that time, Rimbaud was already a perfect satirical poet, who had a well-equipped arsenal of ironic, mocking, grotesque colors.
The Franco-Prussian war was gaining momentum, and the poet meets his sixtieth birthday with poems about the war. This, namely, the "Sleeping in a log" sonnet. But, unlike ordinary sonnets, for which restraint and rigor in the selection of topics were considered indispensable, Rimbaud's sonnet is characterized by a fierce, mocking tone, fast rhythm, close to colloquial poetic speech, lexical freedom, introduction and dramatic changes in style. This is an almost grotesque combination of sonnet form and a “terrestrial” satirical plot, full of anarchist challenge. The “My cyaneria" sonnet also corresponds to all these definitions - a real anthem to a bohemian, a person who has come off society and left alone with heaven and stars. In the poem "Sessions" triumph lies in the "people-functions" the tendency to lignification, fossils. Any hint of life and action disappears. A person is constrained by a function, and then the function is replaced by its outer shell, an objective feature. This creates a satirical image of the "man-chair."
Only four or five poems belong to the period of the Commune, the newest phase in Rimbaud’s work, but this is indeed a new era in the development of the poet. All these verses amaze with wisdom and depth, despite the fact that Rambo was barely sixteen years old! Only he mocked the poor, scoffed at the ladies - and it seemed that the poet's nihilism knew no bounds - and now he was making a real hymn to the female worker - “Hands of Jeanne-Marie” - a sign similar to Delacroix’s “Freedom on the Barricades”. Suddenly cynicism, pretense rudeness disappear
The defeat of the Paris Commune, the victory of the Versailles is recognized by the poet as the deepest catastrophe. The poems written by Rimbaud in the days of the Commune demonstrate how small it is for him. The defeat of the uprising meant for Rimbaud the victory of the "Conversers" - "those who sit."
After the death of the Commune, Rimbaud will put all his hopes into art only. He stops training, despite impressive successes, and generally avoids some kind of constant activity. This was at first a demonstration of the rebellious mood of the poet, since he did not belong to lazy people.
A new cycle of wanderings begins. In August 1871, Rimbaud sent his poems to Verlaine, and he, carried away by them, invited the poet to Paris. There, Rimbaud draws close with Verlaine, with other poets and resorts to the lifestyle of a true bohemian. In February 1872, Rimbaud returned home, but already in May he was going to Paris again. Then he makes several trips to Belgium, Great Britain, again to France and then returns to Belgium. In July 1873, Verlaine during another brutal dispute between two poets shoots at Rimbaud, injures him, and he himself falls into jail. First, 1874, Rambo is in Great Britain, then in Germany, Italy; For some time he lives in Charleville, from where he leaves in Austria and Holland. This endless "journey" stretches right up to 1880, when the poet completely leaves Europe. This is a decade of poverty, odd jobs, weird tests. The poet lives without being bound even by the fact of a geographical presence in one place.
On May 13, 1871, he wrote a letter stating his own intention to create the newest poetry: "I want to be a poet, I try to transform into a clairvoyant ... We are talking about how to achieve the unknown by the method of frustration of all emotions ...". The zeal for "clairvoyance" is directly associated with Rambo's rebellion, and the "frustration of emotions" is opposed to the "ordinary" social being.
In the “Vowels” sonnet, Rambo offers a new principle of form formation, which is based on free association between sound and color, visual impressions. In Vowels, the “clairvoyant poet" subordinates everything to his own consciousness and is able to create nature and the universe without impartial laws; causal relationships. Like most of Rimbaud’s poems, Vowels have a huge number of interpretations. For example, one of them suggests considering the poem as a symbolic picture of human being: from darkness (dark color) of light (snow-white color E), through violent passions (reddish color) to wisdom (greenish color) and knowledge hidden in the Universe (blue color A) . An important role in Vowels is played by the Contrast Principle: dark - snow-white, death - life; disgusting - beautiful, fleeting - random. Rimbaud uses the form of a sonnet, which usually consists of a thesis, antithesis and their synthesis, in other words, a contradiction is laid in its structure, and this allows us to consider the Vowels as a standard of the symbolist search for “correspondences” between different principles of life, as a panoramic picture of the Universe.
The assimilation of the vowel sound of color meant neglect of the word as a semantic unit, as a carrier of a certain meaning. A sound isolated from the semantic context acquires the function of “suggestion”, a direct effect on feelings, “suggestibility”, with the help of which the “unknown” is found. Such a literary technique was already predicted by Verlaine’s principle “music first” (which, of course, directly influenced Rambo), but Verlaine impressionism kept both the image of this soul and a certain natural image, and in Rambo everything that is ordinary and tangible becomes unknown.
In the period of "clairvoyance", Rambo truly introduces the poem "The intoxicated ship", made in the summer of 1871. “The intoxicated ship” is a story about the trip that the “clairvoyant” poet wants to make. A ship that starts sailing on the turbulent sea is rapidly losing its crew and steering wheel, and in the end is ready to go to the bottom. A double image of the “ship-man” appears in the poem, a double fate - both of the broken ship and the broken heart of the poet. Rimbaud is not only portraying his journey through the “unknown” as a “intoxicated ship”. He foresees the imminent death of the ship, began a terrible journey, and his poetic fate. “The intoxicated ship” is also a typical myth of the world, the poet’s confession in the form of a “little odyssey”, travel in search of himself. The poet identifies himself with the ship, which, having lost the command, “having lost its own cargo”, is given in ecstasy to the elements. Both in the external, narrative plan of The Intoxicated Ship, and in the hidden lyrical, inverse feelings intertwine: perseverance and anxiety, admiration for boundless will and horror to be lost forever. The images of poetry lose their clarity, are deformed, and it’s hard to find the border between the real and the imaginary.
The “substitution” that took place in the “Intoxicated Ship” marked the formation of the newest poetic system based on a symbolic reflection of reality.
Right behind the “Intoxicated Ship” a series of poems appeared, written in the summer of 1872 during the poet’s wanderings. These are the last verses of Rimbaud, and they again constitute a special step in his work. The poet became clairvoyant. The image of society almost completely disappears from its works. It may seem that the last poetry of Rimbaud is like wandering sketches made by a very observant poet during his wanderings. In general, in Rambo's “Last Verses”, they are very real, certain memories are abstracted to the level of a sign, which means either “landscape of the soul” or the landscape of the Universe. The aesthetic effect of these works is determined by the phenomenal fusion of the most ordinary and the most complex. "Clairvoyance" led the poet to shake the foundations of the classical system of versification - although impartially it was a process of enrichment, expansion of the abilities of French verse. But, even freeing himself from the rules, Rambo still continued to write poetry - in other words, he obeyed the conventions of the poetic language.
The ripening of prosaicity in the poet's latest works made the fatal liberation from art itself, which ended the path of Rimbaud, supposed. “Illumination” (1872-1873, published in 1886) is the name of the cycle of “poems in prose” made during the period of “clairvoyance”.
None of the fragments that make up the cycle can be correctly explained. The poetic "I" makes its Universe, and in this space - its time, its measurements of things that unite all human experience in the moment of his mysterious experiences as a person. In Rambo's “Illumination”, the memories are divorced from their own prototypes, live their own lives, and therefore the meaning is very significant. Such a verse is already very close to poetic prose, where the rhythm is created by general sensory intonation, then lengthens, then reduces phrases, repetitions, inversions, division into stanzas of a free type, meaningful sound system.
In the summer of 1873, the work “Through Hell” appeared, an act of bloodthirsty self-criticism. “Through hell” he presents an extraordinary person, a phenomenal personality, capable of firmly and impartially assessing his own experience, his own path - and resolutely condemning him. Rambo at that time was only nineteen years old, but his farewell creation is the creation of the wisest adult. The poet's lifestyle by this time was a typical "test", which he stops. In the last work he becomes a sinner, to whom repentance has come. “Through Hell” is something like a court session during which a monologue of the accused is pronounced, which takes on the role of the prosecutor.
Continuing his wanderings, Rambo again and again found himself. He did not turn back to poetry and soon left Europe. In 1880, Rimbaud reached Cyprus, then - to Egypt, later to Adena, until he finally ended up in the town of Harare, in Ethiopia, where he remained almost until the end of his own life. The last, African step of his path, was at once the last act of renunciation of poetry and himself. Engaged in Harare trade, Rambo never told anyone about his past life. He never returned to poetry, but what he wrote during endless wanderings, devoid of any poetry. The letters that he received from him in Europe amaze with unusual dryness and efficiency, an absolute lack of imagination, imagination and at least some kind of lyricism.
First, in 1891, the poet began unbearable pain in his right leg. Rambo was transported to Marseille, a leg was cut off in a clinic, and he returned to his mother. In November of the same year, Rimbaud died of sarcoma.
Arthur Rimbaud during his lifetime published only one collection, "One Season in Hell." Everything else, written by Arthurm Rimbaud, was collected by Verlaine from memory or taken from drafts.
After the death of the poet, almost a century was restored and literally bit by bit pulled out of nowhere that Verlaine was inaccessible during his lifetime.
The simplest verses relate to 1869, magical ones begin to appear in 1870, heroic and rebellious ones in 1871, and the most complex, full of musicality and symbolism, relate to the last - 1872.
Of the early and magical, the most beloved is “The First Evening” or, as Rimbaud called it differently, “The Comedy of Three Kisses”, because it ridiculed the philistine-sweet taste of this kind of poetry. But this poem is beloved by many for its lightness, irony, and soothing tenderness.
First evening ("Comedy of Three Kisses")
She was half dressed,
And immodest elm from the yard
I knocked on the window without an answer
Sitting high on a chair casually
She twisted her fingers
And the light thrill of the tender legs
I saw suddenly, I saw suddenly.And saw how crazy and unsteady
Ray circles, moth circles
In her eyes, in her smile
Sits on her chest secretly.Here on her thin ankle
I captured a kiss
In response, I laughed loudly,
And the laugh was harsh and timid.Shy feet under the shirt
Sheltered: "What should I call it?"
And as if for his mistake
I wanted to punish with a laugh.I have another trick in store!
His lips touched his eyes a little;
Threw back the head:
"So, sir, better ... But nowYou need to tell me something ... "
I kissed her chest
And quiet laughter was my reward
This laughter wished me well ...She was half dressed,
And immodest elm from the yard
I knocked on the window without an answer
Close to us, close to us.
From the same year I like “Sensation”, in which there is a languor of spirit and a premonition of the future fate of the poet.
And another poem, surprising in warmth and love, is “Bewitched” of the same year. Rimbaud wanted to leave only what was written from him, and the rest - to destroy. Simple in rhythm, but bewitching by the expectation of a miracle, the smell of bread, which is felt literally physically, so that saliva begins to accumulate, so warm and close to the poet with an understanding of the poor, hunger, cold and orphanhood.
Rimbaud came to Russia precisely with this poem. Looking at the winter picture drawn by the poet, you see before your eyes living and real five orphans, with the eyes of the baker and the bread he bakes, and the baker who does not see that ten hungry children’s eyes are watching him.
Enchanted
From the snowy haze to the basement window
They look at the glow of scarlet
And they are waiting for miracles.Five kids - oh, evil share! -
Squatting, watching
How to bake bread.The eye cannot be torn from a place
Where the baker crumples raw dough,
And grabbingHe’s stronger, he puts him in the oven
And satin squinting full, humming
A simple motive.And the children, with bated breath,
With his mighty hands in silence
Do not take their eyes;When is the golden, crispy
Ready bread from the oven is dragged
At midnightWhen crickets under the vault are dark
Start a song in a secluded corner
When fullThe breath of life is this pit,
The soul of children dressed in rags
Admired;She is blissful, and the body
Doesn't feel like hoarfrost white
Clings to tatters.Muzzles stuck to the grate
And like someone’s meek voice
They sing a song.And the children are drawn so eagerly
To that song about heavenly light
And about the heatThat shabby shirts are torn
And the poor things tremble in the wind
In the frosty gloom.
And another poem of the same year - “Roman”, which smells of seventeen years, youth, love and the expectation of the future.
There is one among the poems of this year that praises vagrancy and the freedom of a wanderer, who, once in the “Green Cabaret”, enjoys life, freedom and is truly happy. The poem is full of symbolism: Rimbaud’s green is the color of happiness, the tramp is the poet himself in search of the unknown, and the natural and loving beauty is as if nature itself was written from nature, natural and simple.
"In the Green Cabaret"
I stumbled for eight days, ripped off my shoes
About stones and, having come to Charleroi, he sat down
In Green Cabaret, asking himself tartki
With hot ham and butter. I watchedWhat boring people sat around
And, legs stretching far at the table
Waited green, - when he was comforted in everything,
When, staring up the huge breasts,Girl maid (well! Not confuse her
Cheeky kiss) brought me on a platter,
Laughing tartin tune, teasing appetite,Tartin with ham and aromatic onion,
And a foamy mug, where it glistens in amber
The autumn shone with its sunset ray.
And Rambo also has one poem, also filled with children's impressions, “The Cabinet”, which captivates with memories, of which there are a lot of each. And how many of these rags, small pieces of glass and pebbles that you want to touch again and remember the distant childhood.
"Cupboard"
Here is an old carved cabinet whose oak is in the stains of the dark
He began to look like good old people for a long time;
The closet is open, and the gloom from all corners of secluded
The enticing smell pours like old wine.Full of everything: junk pile up,
Smelling yellow underwear
Grandmother’s scarf where there is an image
Griffin, lace, and ribbon, and rags;Here you will find medallions and portraits,
A strand of white hair and a strand of a different color,
Children's clothes, dried flowers ...Oh wardrobe of bygone days! All sorts of stories
And many fairy tales you keep safe
Behind this door, blackened and creaky.
The following year, Rimbaud appears sharply satirical, political and anti-religious poems. In them, he makes fun of bureaucrats, customs officers and other representatives of the government (Seated, Customs, Squatting, etc.), as well as priests, even sacrilege (Evening Prayer, Poor People in the Church, Sisters Mercy ”,“ First Communions ”,“ The Righteous ”).
"Evening Prayer"
I began to live behind a beer mug,
Like an angel in the hands of a barber;
Bending the gum and smoking a pipe,
I look at the cloudy sails and yards.Like the excrement of a dovecot, on me
Hot dreams descend, warming the soul;
A sad heart, sometimes chasing them away,
Then it looks like sapwood rather.So, drinking forty mugs or thirty-five
And chewing and dreaming all my dreams,
I concentrate to give the debt;And meek, like a god, the god of cedars and hyssop,
I am writing to heaven - what a grace! -
With the permission of large heliotropes.
In contrast to the priests and bureaucrats whom he hates with all their hearts, Rambo sings of the Communards, dedicating several patriotic poems to them: “Hands of Jean-Marie”, “Paris Orgy”, “Crows”. The pinnacle of this poetry was the "Paris Orgy, or Paris is populated again." Here are a few stanzas from this hymn to the communards.
A.Rembo "The Drunk Ship"
O villains, go! Pour off from the stations proudly!
Sun rays washed and rubbed
The boulevard, where barbarian hordes once walked.
The holy city here is spread out before you!Forward! The fire died down and the storm did not rise.
Here is the embankment light, here are the streets, and here
Above you is the rainbow sky in whose azure
Recently, bomb stars drove a round dance.Hide all the dead palaces under the forests!
The fear of the day-past glance refreshes you.
Here is a flock of redder wobbling backsides ...
So be like madmen and jesters!Oh pack of bitches during estrus! Tear to shreds
Dressings. The cry of houses lures you.
Debauchery the night has come, and the spasms of this night
Compress the street. So eat! The hour has struck!And drink it! And when the light is sharp next to you
Delving into the luxury of flowing will begin
Do you really lean over the tables,
Looking silently at the whitening sunrise?
And finally, in the last poetic 1872, Rimbaud has real masterpieces full of musicality and symbolism that embody the essence of his poetry. This is a magnificent “Drunken Ship”, “What the Poet Says About Flowers,” “Vowels.” Here is the last of the three, and we end the review of Arthur Rambo’s amazing poetry.
Vowels
In "A" black, white "E", "And" scarlet, "U" green,
"About" blue I discovered all the secrets of vowel sounds.
"A" - black velvet flies, bothersome, voluptuous,
Humming in the summer heat above the fetid stench."E" - the cold of glaciers, distant and beautiful,
A tent, a cloud in the space of the remote.
"And" glows in the darkness with red-hot iron,
That is purple, blood, and the laughter of cheeky, bright red lips."U" - circles on the water, the back is greenish,
The tranquility of meadows where it smells like mint
Peace of the alchemist, ascetic of nights."O" - sounds of loud and sharp oboe,
Blue distance, silence blue
Omega, the clear gaze of violet eyes.
Biography of Arthur Rimbaud
Jean-Nicola-Arthur Rimbaud was born on October 20, 1854 in the provincial town of Charleville, in the Ardennes, in the north-east of France, in a bourgeois family. Mother instilled in children charity, love of God, and father taught them rationality and economy. From childhood, Arthur was God-fearing, obedient, and studied brilliantly. His abilities were amazing. Teacher Georges Isombard supported the first attempts of the young poet. From six to seven years old he began to write prose, and after a poem. At the age of 15, he wrote the poem Sensation, published without the knowledge of the author in one of the Parisian magazines in early 1869.
The first period of the writer's work (before 1871) was marked by the influence of authorities, but this did not prevent the ripening of the rebellious spirit against both traditional ethics and the bourgeois orders of the provincial Charleville.
In 1871, having learned about the announcement of the Commune, throws a lyceum and, having reached Paris, finds itself in a whirlwind of revolutionary events. But after the defeat of the Commune, having lost faith in the social struggle, Rambo, in a letter to a friend dated June 10, 1871, asks to destroy his works dedicated to the communards.
In August 1871, returning to Charleville, Arthur sends his poems to Paul Verlaine, after which he goes to Paris to visit him. Friends traveled to Europe for a year.
In the second period of short-term creativity (from the beginning of 1871 to the beginning of 1872), Rambo's poetry takes on a tragic sound.
In the third period of creativity (1872 - 1873), Rimbaud wrote the cycle “Inspiration”, which witnessed the birth of an unusual form of verse, which can be called a verse in prose or rhythmic prose.
Rambo had a fickle and capricious fate. As in creativity and in life, he was looking for different paths, sometimes completely opposite. After P. Verlaine, who shot Rambo, goes to jail, the surviving Rambo falls into neurosis. The cry of the soul, the entreaty of a man who no longer relies on someone else’s help, but who nevertheless calls out someone unknown from the Universe, became the book “One Summer in Hell” (1873), the only collection published during the life of the poet. But the writer was unable to pay a small print run (500 copies) and the books remained in stock. They were found by chance after a few ten years, and before that there was a legend that Rimbaud himself destroyed the entire circulation.
A break with Verlaine, a lack of money, spiritual discomfort led to an acute creative crisis. In the poet’s last writings, the pain and despair of a lonely soul were felt.
"Drunk ship" of the fate of Rimbaud, finally lost his course. The poet seeks oblivion in alcohol, drugs, violent passions. But this did not calm down the “pain of burning contradictions,” and he decided to change his life. After he turned 20, he did not write a single rhyme line. Renouncing art, traveled to England, Germany, Belgium, traded all sorts of trinkets in European bazaars, tried to mow grass in Dutch villages, even was a soldier of the Dutch colonial forces in Sumatra. Visited Egypt, Cyprus, Zanzibar. Rimbaud studied the black language of Somalia, mastered the lands of Africa, where the civilized man did not step, helped the emperor of Abyssinia prepare the war on Italy. In recent years, he worked in the trading company Vianne, Barda & Co., which sold coffee, ivory and leather.
Researchers interpret Rimbaud’s rupture with poetry in different ways. The French writer A. Camus saw this as "suicide of the spirit", and the Austrian prose writer Stefan Zweig - "disrespect for art, neglect of it." There is a version that the poet escaped from Paris to find himself in something else, to establish himself, and then return independent and free, getting rid of a drunken dream. Some modern scholars believe that the poet reached the extreme line in his experiments with the word and, glancing behind it, saw only emptiness, he still tried to write, but could no longer find meaning in poetry. However, the mystery of Rimbaud’s poetry has not yet been solved. Mysterious is not only his departure from art, but first of all what he managed to write in a short period, which has become a whole era in world literature.
(1854-1891) french poet
Arthur Rimbaud is one of the most mysterious figures in French literature of the XIX century. He lived only 37 years, and the last 18 years of his life was not involved in creativity, but there are few poets whose work had the same strong influence on world culture. The largest French poets G. Apollinaire, L. Aragon, P. Eluard called Rimbaud their teacher. His poems were translated by I. Annensky, V. Bryusov, N. Gumilev, F. Sologub. Even Gorky, who was more than critical of the Symbolists, considered Rimbaud's verses a literary phenomenon.
Rimbaud was born in the small town of Charleville, located in the north-east of France. His childhood was overshadowed by the rupture of his parents. Arthur's father, an officer, left the family, leaving his wife with four young children. Mother never married, devoting her life to children. The phenomenal giftedness of the boy was noticed at school. Already at the age of eight, he wrote poems that he read in lessons. When Rimbaud was sixteen years old, the teacher of rhetoric J. Izambar advised him to go to university.
But the young man’s passion for literary creativity came up against stiff resistance from his mother. She was harsh and domineering, came from a patriarchal family and did not understand people of a free profession. Wanting to prove her right to an independent life, in August 1870, Rimbaud escapes from home and leaves for Paris. There he tries to make money with journalism, but he still does not manage to add a single poem to print. The minor Artyur is detained by the police, but after a month and a half he is sent to Belgium, from where he is again returned home to his mother.
In his spare time, Rimbaud continues to write. So far, he imitates the methods of W. Hugo and S. Baudelaire. The poems “Sitting,” “On Music,” “Squats” are characterized by motives of longing and disappointment, a feeling of vivid rejection of the philistine world that surrounds the poet.
Although belatedly, but still Charleville received news of the growing revolutionary tension in Paris. In May 1871, Rimbaud did not withstand the dictatorship of his mother and again sent to the capital. He carries with him several poems in which he glorifies the feat of the Communards. Having reached Paris, the young poet takes part in the revolutionary struggle, but soon becomes a witness to the defeat of the uprising. He sees government forces clear the city and shoot down the defenders of freedom. The defeat of the Commune causes an attack of pessimism, he returns home, where he writes one of his best poems, “The Drunken Ship”, in which he identifies himself with a ship that has lost control.
Rimbaud sent several of his poems to the famous French poet P. Verlaine. After reading them, Verlaine sent the author a welcome letter in which he invited him to come to Paris. Rimbaud immediately went to the capital, where he got acquainted with the life of bohemia and began to lead a daring and defiant lifestyle. He was not accepted or understood in literary circles, only Verlaine could recognize the future great poet in a scornful young man. Too passionate affection for Rambo quarreled Verlaine with his wife.
In the spring of 1871, a circle of young poets was formed around Verlaine and Rimbaud, calling themselves Zyutists. They gather in a cafe, read each other their poems. The poets manage to save some money, and in the summer of 1872 Verlaine and Rimbaud go on a trip. First they go to Belgium, and from there by boat to London.
In December 1872, Rimbaud came home for several days to receive his share of the inheritance transferred to him by his mother, and then again left for England. At this time, he writes his book of poems in prose "Illumination", where he destroys the foundations of the traditional system of versification. For some time the poet lives in London, and in the spring of 1873 he returns to France with Verlaine. He finally manages to print a collection of poems, "One Summer in Hell." This is a confession book full of bitter regrets, reproaches and self-criticism. The poet, as it were, says goodbye to rebellion, with "insights", with poetic "clairvoyance." The collection is distinguished by the thoroughness of the decoration of each phrase, the accuracy of the rhythm, and delicate lyricism.
Gradually, the relationship between Rimbaud and Verlaine deteriorates. In July 1873, while in Brussels, Verlaine shoots at Rimbaud, injures him and goes to prison. Shocked by Verlaine's act, Rimbaud returns to Charleville. The poet feels his isolation from the world, seeks refuge and does not find it. In the next ten years, he moved from city to city, lives in Germany, Austria, Holland, Italy, and did not stop anywhere for long. He is interrupted by casual earnings, enters the Dutch army, but, having arrived on the island of Java, deserts and, having overcome countless difficulties, gets to Europe. In the following years, he changed many professions: he served as an overseer in Cyprus quarries, traveled with a traveling circus, but never returned to literary work.
In 1880, Rimbaud left for Africa, where he began to work as a sales agent. He travels through indigenous villages and buys ivory and ebony. Gradually, he manages to save some money. Rimbaud settles in Aden, a small town on the Arabian Peninsula, where he acquires a house. He dreams of a prosperous life for the middle bourgeois, therefore he does not consciously return to Europe. Rimbaud practically breaks with his rebellious past and leaves unanswered the invitation of friends (they wanted him to visit Paris). He does not even answer Verlaine, who wrote a vivid article about him. Rambo, as it were, does not accept the fact that he is considered a famous poet in his homeland. “Arthur Rimbaud exchanged literature for Africa, and the rhyme wealth for ivory and gold,” M. Voloshin wrote bitterly about him.
During a trip to Ethiopia, Rimbaud fell from a horse and received a leg injury. The beginning gangrene forced him in 1891 to go to France for treatment. He did not yet know that he was mortally ill. In Marseilles, Arthur met with his mother. But their reconciliation was short-lived. A few weeks after arrival, doctors amputate Rambo's leg. He stayed with his mother for several months, but due to a rapidly developing disease - sarcomas - he was again transported to Marseille, where the poet died in one of the hospitals.
The poet’s work is uneven (along with magnificent poems there are also openly imitative works), it clearly shows two lines - civilian poems and exquisite lyric poems. Rambo brilliantly conveys the widest gamut of feelings of the lyrical hero - from sharp satire to bitter disappointment. The poet invents a special system of interpretation of words based on the so-called mystical alphabet. In the poem Vowels, he cites a stream of associations associated with each of the letters.
The poet considered himself clairvoyant and sought to find his own truth in the modern world. Having seized and developed the Baudelaire idea of \u200b\u200buniversal conformity, he sees nature as a heap of paintings subordinated only to the poet’s consciousness. True creativity, in his opinion, is possible only when inspiration descends on the poet. Therefore, carefully described landscapes are adjacent to pictures of disasters, and lyrical passages - with pessimistic conclusions.
The development of French poetry of the XX century. according to the apt remark of Louis Aragon, "passed under the sign of the determining influence of Rimbaud." On the one hand, he was able to combine two opposite tendencies of European poetry - romantic outward aspiration and Baudelaire aggravation of feelings. On the other hand, Rimbaud affirmed the view of poetry as the highest reality. Many considered him a "symbolist to symbolism." But in fact, he was simply ahead of his time, his work became relevant when the poet was gone.
