How Neanderthal differs from modern man. Neanderthals
It is no secret that before man on earth various creatures similar to him lived, which will be discussed in our article. First of all, we will find out who the Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons were, what they did and what they ate.
Remains of Neanderthals
The first remains of these primitive people were found in 1856. This happened in a cave, which was a fairly comfortable place for living. Not only bones, but also skulls were found in this cave. Archaeologists immediately realized that these skulls do not belong to modern man. Specialists who arrived at the excavation site immediately said that these bones are hundreds of years old. First of all, scientists turned their attention to the shape of the skulls, which was unique.
According to certain studies, scientists came to the conclusion that these findings belonged to Neanderthals. This name appeared thanks to the world famous Charles Darwin, who at one time created a fairly convincing concept that humans descended from a monkey (thanks to biological evolution). If we talk about Neanderthals, they were a so-called transitional species between monkey-like individuals and people.
A few years after this unique find, it turned out that the Cro-Magnons were still the first ancestors of modern people. It is worth noting that Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons existed at the same time. It is surprising that the Cro-Magnons managed to survive, but the Neanderthals did not.
Why did they become extinct?
Unfortunately, to this day it is not entirely clear why the Neanderthals died out. If we talk about assumptions, then there are many. These creatures were weak enough, they could not always fend for themselves. It is worth noting that the growth of the highest Neanderthals was no more than 165 cm. Such primitive people had a fairly wide chest, strong long arms, and also a large head. These creatures quickly enough adapted to the harsh living conditions of that time.
In fact, these primitive people lived for several thousand years. Some scientists argue that it is the biological characteristics of the organism represented 
creatures led them to death. On average, these creatures lived for about 50 years. By this age, Neanderthals turned into quite old people. Neanderthals turned into a full-fledged man by the age of 12. At this age, women could easily give birth, as well as perform various hard work. By the way, they rarely lived here until old age. Most of these creatures died before 20 years. At that time, there were also many diseases, because of which these primitive people died.
According to historians, a large number of Neanderthals tore animals. Few people know that the lifestyle of Neanderthals was mainly in the search for food. Women here became pregnant almost every year. Such creatures lived in groups of 30-40 people. Of course, the leader was the leader of the group. His words were law for all members of the group. Neanderthals buried each other in small pits, where the corpses were laid on their sides. Knives made of stone, food, and various decorations were left near such graves. If we talk about Cro-Magnons, then their scientists call our direct ancestors, who lived at a time when Neanderthals.
Relations between Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons
Unfortunately, these two types of primitive people were at enmity with each other. For the first time this happened around 45 thousand years ago. The temperature gradually decreased, and it was more difficult for these creatures to survive and get food. Of course, such people lived, mainly, near animal pastures. Historians argue that this was the main cause of hostility. After some time, the Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals began to unite and marry among themselves. Today Neanderthal photo can be seen in many historical books.
Video: Battle of the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon
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Neanderthal man (lat.Homo neanderthalensis) - a species of the human race that inhabited Europe and western Asia from 230 thousand to 29 thousand years ago. Neanderthal growth averaged 165 centimeters. Neanderthals were well adapted to the cold, were more muscular than modern weightlifters and had a brain volume of 10% more than the average modern person. There is no information about the color of their skin or hair.
As it turned out in 1983, they knew how to speak, their speech was higher and slower than that of modern people. The earliest known musical instrument, the 4-hole bone flute, belongs to Neanderthals. Neanderthals knew how to use homemade tools and weapons, but apparently they did not have any throwing weapons.
Neanderthals were engaged in gathering and hunting. They lived in small tribal communities, 2-4 families in size, in which there was a clear section of work by age and gender. Neanderthals buried their dead. A shallow burial with a skeleton in an embryonic position covered with a red cloak was discovered in the cave of La Chapelle-au-Seine in France. Tools, flowers, eggs and meat were left next to the body, which testifies to the belief in the afterlife and the existence of religious and magical practice.
The Neanderthal skull was first found in 1856 in the Neanderthal gorge near Dusseldorf.
Kinship with modern man
According to the most common point of view, the Neanderthal became extinct, unable to withstand competition with modern man. A small part of the Neanderthal DNA was recognized, it differs from the DNA of modern man. This does not put an end to the studies - the data from the same analysis showed that people whose DNA was involved in the comparison had the same differences between themselves.
According to another point of view, many thousands of years ago, the variability in human populations was much higher than now. Found skeletons having mixed features of Neanderthal and modern man. They are still not enough to draw any conclusions.
A critical assessment of these two opposing points of view is complicated by the fact that modern man considers himself the “king of nature” and is not going to descend from anyone. Only further research will answer all the questions.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
NEANDERTALS. ALMOST LIKE PEOPLE ...
... It happened around 300,000 BC Then the Neanderthals appeared.
It has already been said here that in the middle of the 19th century the remains of strange creatures were found. They were found in the German Neanderthal valley (where the name of the creatures comes from). Then similar remains were found throughout Eurasia and in Africa. Those. in the habitats of pithecanthropus. Pithecanthropus gave way to newcomers, finally disappearing about 200,000 BC Neanderthals, having occupied their lands, began to expand their possessions. They advanced to Central Asia and Kazakhstan, to the south of Siberia, the Far East, to Korea, Japan. In the north, Neanderthals reached the Chusovaya River. In addition, mastered the highlands and rainforests.
Neanderthals (or paleoanthropes - “ancient people”, as they are often called) are difficult to distinguish from people. The volume of their brain reaches 1,500 cc. - a little more than ours. Any policeman would identify any Neanderthal according to characteristic signs - large teeth, a convex jaw, a low forehead and large superciliary ridges. Other special features are a low head set, a slightly different shape of the shoulder blades, and longer thumbs. The expression on the faces of Neanderthals would have seemed fierce to us, although they were hardly more ferocious beings than us. In general, their similarity with humans is so great that some anthropologists classify Neanderthals as our species Homo sapiens.
Neanderthals made better guns. Their carefully crafted choppers seem to be masterpieces compared to the choppers of pithecanthropus. In addition, Neanderthals learned to split flint into thin plates and make scrapers for skins, stone knives, cutters, gimlets, etc. from them. - In total, archaeologists have at least 60 types of tools Neanderthals. A new stone processing technique allows us to distinguish the times of Neanderthals in a special era - the Middle Paleolithic (or the Mousterian era).
This new technology is not limited to. Neanderthals learned using animal veins to tie stone knives to long straight sticks. T.O. we got spears - the first tools consisting of more than one part. Composite tools are nothing special for us. But the one who first created them, without having ready-made samples in front of him, was certainly a genius. Not later than 55.000 BC Neanderthals also got axes. The wooden handle of such an ax was a lever that increased the impact force of the stone chopped.
So, the Neanderthals got an improved materiel for a successful hunt. Hunting tactics have also changed. Neanderthals began to specialize in one type of animal. Thanks to what, hunters better learned the habits of animals. In the Mousterian era, they also learned to set traps on animals. For example, heavy logs were set up on an animal trail. One of them fixed a stone. As soon as he was slightly moved, the whole structure collapsed, crushing the animal. Neanderthals also had other traps - the first machines of mankind.
New hunting methods provided more food, which contributed to population growth. According to the calculations of E. Divi, the population in the Mousterian era exceeded 1 million.
It was not a problem for Neanderthals to light a fire and cook food on it. They learned to cook not only meat on fire, but also previously inedible things - cereal grains, for example. And from the skins, they already made real clothes, cut from separate pieces of skins, fastened together.
Another important achievement of Neanderthals - they learned to build artificial dwellings. Of course, animals also know how to build homes - beehives, nests, anthills and burrows. But they do it instinctively. The ant cannot build a hive, and the bee anthill. For Neanderthals, the act of creating a home was conscious. Dwellings turned out to be diverse, depending on the natural environment and improvised materials. The oldest dwelling found in France, on the Cote d'Azur, near Nice. According to the reconstruction of archaeologists, it was an oval hut made of poles dug into the ground, tied together from above and covered with animal skins. Inside the hut was a hearth of flat stones. Such a dwelling was not long-term - it was used only 10 days. Another type of dwelling was at the Molodovo-1 parking lot near the Moldovan city of Soroki (the frame is made of mammoth bones).
Neanderthals still used caves. But here we see a higher level of improvement. An example of this is the cave of Monte Circeo, Italy, in which the floor is lined with stones to avoid dampness.
Technological advances allowed Neanderthals to survive the Rice Ice Age (250,000 - 110,000 BC). It was the most severe cooling in the history of mankind. Glaciers in Europe reached the Kiev-Dresden-Amsterdam line, and in North America all of Canada was under the ice. Then many thermophilic animals became extinct, others went south. But the Neanderthals armed with fire advanced even further north.
Along with material achievements, Neanderthals also had spiritual ones. They got art and religion. If previous discoveries were needed for survival, these were not vital. Why did they happen? There are different opinions on this score. Believers believe that the ability to express oneself and faith was revealed to the ancestors from above. The rationalists have a different opinion - art has become a kind of output of psychic energy among creatures that have reached a certain level of intelligence.
The emergence of religion, the rationalists explain as follows. Animals possess the instinct of self-preservation, but live in the current moment, recalling danger only at the moment of danger. Neanderthals knew that they were mortal and that each of them would die. For any intelligent creature, such a thought is very unpleasant (to say the least). And the Neanderthals found a way out of the situation into which a high mind led them. They appeared transcendental (otherworldly) ideas, which gave them psychological stability before an inevitable end.
We will not judge who is right - believers or rationalists. All the same, no one knows how it really was. Let the reader accept the view that is closer to him, and return to the facts ourselves.
Neanderthal art was very primitive - repeated signs on stones, a very imperfect ornament (for example, in the cave de L'Aze, France). The existence of religious beliefs is evidenced by the burial rites that appeared among the Neanderthals. So near the Shanidar cave, in the mountains of Northern Iraq, a Neanderthal tomb was found (60.000 BC), strewn with bouquets of flowers.
The emergence of religion is no less important than the advent of new technology. Many of the signs of human civilization - art, politics, philosophical teachings, social and even technological achievements, are somehow related to religion. It has always been of no less importance to people than rational knowledge. (However, in deep antiquity both this and the other were inseparable.)
Religion was originally expressed in the form of totemism - the worship of an animal. Most likely the one that the Neanderthals hunted for. Such animals could be bears, deer, buffalos, mammoths, lions. The cult of bears was especially widespread. This is evidenced by the skulls of bears found in many places, lined with stones or imprisoned in limestone cells (for example, in the Drachenlon cave, Switzerland, or in the Ilyinka cave, Odessa region). Such structures are very reminiscent of places of worship. On many turtles, notches and a primitive ornament are noticeable. Perhaps the hunters associated these animals with their clan, as they gave people meat, while transmitting their strength and their blood.
Totem animals became a symbol of the genus. Their skulls (possibly stuffed) were transferred from parking to parking. The tradition of decorating the coats of arms of states with images of various animals may have its roots precisely in the time of Neanderthals professing totemism. With a great deal of certainty, it can be argued that the names of some constellations come from that time. So now the constellation Ursa Major does not look like a bear. Rather, it resembles a bucket. However, 90,000 years ago, the position of its constituent stars really resembled the pointed nose of a bear.
There are suggestions that Neanderthals also had an ancestral cult and magic - an idea of \u200b\u200bthe effect on people and objects through spells and manipulations. Although there is no evidence of the existence of magic among Neanderthals.
A creature with religion and art should have a speech close to human. If Australopithecus most likely made a set of sounds, like a chimpanzee, and Pithecanthropus could exchange words on purely concrete matters (the so-called dialogue speech), then Neanderthals could already express themselves (that is, possessed a monologue speech).
The rudiments of humanism were also characteristic of Neanderthals - they protected and preserved the lives of the elderly and the disabled. In the already mentioned Shanidar cave, the remains of a one-armed Neanderthal man (45,000 BC) were found, who after the loss of the upper limb lived for many more years, thanks to the care of fellow tribesmen. In short - not only externally, but also spiritually, they were almost like people.
The increased complexity of life has led Neanderthals to have different cultures. (This is what archaeologists call communities of archaeological sites, similar to each other, created at one time and occupying a certain territory.) Differences can also be found among Pithecanthropus - choppers prevailed in some places, chopped in others. And not all of them knew the fire (in Africa it appeared only 60,000 years ago). However, the differences were not very significant - choppers and choppers in China or Spain did not differ from each other any more than the Coca-Cola produced in these countries. For Neanderthals, however, differences in the processing of tools are striking. For a period of 50,000 BC distinguish at least 5 different archaeological cultures, and Mousterian (from which the entire period is named) is only one of them. Fire at that time was already known to everyone, but the technique of manufacturing the guns was different. Mousterian culture prevailed in Europe. She was the most advanced. But there were places where the technique still resembled Acheulean or even more primitive.
We know something about differences in the material culture of Neanderthals, but nothing about spiritual differences. However, it can be considered that creatures with the rudiments of religion and a developed language could have different ethnic groups.
Neanderthals lived from 300,000 to 30,000 BC Why did they, with all their abilities, not survive to our time? Much of what has already been said applies to Neanderthals who lived from 75,000 to 35,000 BC. They are called classical Neanderthals (before that there were early Neanderthals). However, in the next few thousand years, it is not clear why, they began to decrease the frontal lobes of the brain, where the centers of inhibition are located. In a person with damage to these centers, inappropriate behavior is observed, he is extremely hot-tempered. For any very minor reason, he may experience an outbreak of wild aggression. A society of such people cannot exist for a very long time. Perhaps the cause of the extinction of Neanderthals was an unknown disease, such as AIDS. Or they were exterminated.
True, there is an opinion that Neanderthals survived to our time. And that they are hiding from people high in the mountains and in the forest thickets. Proponents of this opinion believe that reports of the so-called "Bigfoot" are nothing more than a description of the meetings of people with Neanderthals. However, there is no convincing evidence of the reality of these meetings. And the latest remains of Neanderthals are 33.150 years old. Be that as it may, but the baton of reason they picked up the people of a modern kind. But this is a completely different story ....
http://x-15.nm.ru/real-4-1.htm
Many scientists today believe that Neanderthals are not our ancestors. We are descendants of immigrants from Africa who invaded Eurasia about 28 thousand years ago. It is suspected that these two species lived in a state of fierce hostility with each other, which ultimately ended in the complete victory of our ancestors, and the Neanderthals disappeared from the face of the Earth without transmitting a single gene to us.
Eric Trinkaus, a professor of anthropology at the University of Washington and St. Louis (USA), came to a sensational conclusion as a result of several expeditions. Excavations in Portugal, conducted in 1999 by a group of Hao Zilhao with the consultation of Eric Trinkaus, revealed the skeleton of a Neanderthal child. After analyzing the bones, Trinkaus found that they were 28 thousand years old 34. But it was believed that the last Neanderthal man disappeared from the face of the Earth 30 thousand years ago. He was wrapped in a kind of veil, possibly in the skin, and next to his legs and head were found the bones of animals, which, it seems, were placed there with special care. There was a drilled shell on his neck, possibly an amulet.
Until recently, scientists were convinced that primitive European Neanderthals instantly died out when Cro-Magnons, our direct ancestors, came from the Middle East to Europe. However, the skeleton found by Professor Trinkaus suggests that Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons lived together in Central Europe for 5 millennia 35. Moreover, Trinkaus believes that the boy he found is not a pure Neanderthal: according to the professor, it was
33 Maximov N.Neanderthal from the Caucasus. Mysteries clear up. - http://www.znanie-sila.ru/online/issue 839.html.
34 Bagnone J.Neanderthal was a courageous altruist. - http://www.inosmi.ru/print/142797.html.
b Kira-Murza V.Are we all Neanderthals? - http://www.samara.ru/paper/41/722/l2794/.
the child of a Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon, as evidenced by the shape of the skull and structural features of the skeleton. So Eric Trinkaus made a truly revolutionary discovery: the Cro-Magnons not only did not displace the Neanderthals from the face of the Earth, but also mixed with them. It turns out that we are all a little Neanderthals.
Although Trinkaus was absolutely sure that Neanderthals were crowded out or, rather, absorbed by modern people very slowly, especially since the difference in mental abilities of these two branches was insignificant, it would be very difficult for him to prove his case if it weren’t for next expedition to the Croatian cave of Vinja (1999). Here, an international group of anthropologists investigated the large site of Neanderthals, who lived 28 thousand years ago. Excavations yielded a rich harvest - fragments of skulls and many tools. Both of them brought a sensation. The tools were made in various styles - from simple stone axes characteristic of Neanderthal culture to the intricate bone tips found earlier in the camps of Cro-Magnon. And all this was in one place, had the same age, which means that they were used by the same tribe, possibly for centuries. Recent doubts dissipated when the fragments of the skulls were examined. Some of their anatomical features turned out to be characteristic precisely for modern people. So close contacts and mixed marriages between these two branches can be considered proven. And this makes us take a completely new look at the evolution of man 36.
A study of the skull of Neanderthals from the famous Vinja Cave in Croatia made it possible to find out what and how the Neanderthals ate. To most accurately determine the concentration of traces of protein in the bones of hominids, scientists compared them with the remains of animals, herbivorous and carnivorous contemporaries of Neanderthals - mammoths, wolves, wild bulls, arctic foxes and cave bears. The research results clearly indicate: Neanderthals were real predators. They did not know the posts. They ate meat and only meat, unlike Cro-Magnons, who also ate plant foods. According to Eric Trinkaus, the leader of the scientific group, this refutes the conventional wisdom of these hominids as "subhuman." They were pretty intelligent creatures. And the fact that they had to defeat dangerous animals such as bulls and mammoths in search of meat suggests that they were skilled hunters - they knew how to develop a hunting strategy and implement it. "
The Neanderthal was a rational man and generally the first truly intelligent creature on the planet. Neanderthals already quite high up the evolutionary ladder - exchanged sound signals -
36 Valentinov A.Halfway to the man. - http://www.rg.rU/teoria/articles/hist/4.htm.
37 Valentinov V.Neanderthals did not know the posts. - http://www.rg.rU/teoria/articles/hist/9.htm.
we denoting certain concepts, used stone tools, prepared to write on fire, perhaps composed the first cave
drawings. Nevertheless, one should not exaggerate the intellectual abilities of Neanderthals. “Neanderthal consciousness was like two tall towers separated by a thin wall,” said Stephen Mitchell of the University of Raiding. “And modern people already possessed an inner world similar to a Gothic cathedral, inside which sound and light travel freely.” 38
Neanderthals have opened a whole new page in world history. They gave mankind beliefs, customs and rituals, burial of the dead, compassion for themselves and loved ones. And if in the end they lost their place on the planet to the Cro-Magnons, it was only because they were more adapted to the harsh primitive conditions.
First global war
Why did fate decide that the Neanderthals did not become our immediate predecessors, but gave way to the Cro-Magnons? What helped the more subtle, physically less powerful Cro-Magnons defeat their much more powerful rivals in the global war? Science does not give a definite answer. And it is unlikely to ever give it. But he makes many assumptions, one more interesting than the other.
Some believe that they were exterminated by another race in the course of the struggle for hunting lands, others - that the reason for this is the connection with the ancestors of modern man and the disappearance of the species as a result of crossing. Most experts believe that modern is to blame for this tragedy. Homo sapiens.He defeated his competitors in a lightning bloody war. Why did man succeed in breaking through? After all, the puny migrants from the tropics were not adapted to the cold like the Neanderthals. And Aboriginal people had 30-40% more muscle mass.
Some scholars believe that the more developed Cro-Magnons simply exterminated their clumsy rivals Neanderthals. However, such genocide seems unlikely. According to another theory, Neanderthals died out from some kind of epidemic, having been infected by Cro-Magnons, who turned out to be more stable. This is also doubtful: Neanderthals lived in isolated populations, consisting of separate groups of gatherers and hunters, with a force of 30 people each. The risk of spread of infection in such conditions is minimal. Many scholars believe that the extinction of Neanderthals was caused by the technological superiority of Cro-Magnons. Although the former used throwing tools, such as spears, and also processed bones and horns of reindeer, in addition to stone, a modern type of man noticeably improved his hunting equipment, which allowed him to survive the next glaciation about 34 thousand years ago. Konku-
8 Maximov N.The first artists of the Earth. - http://old.vesti.ru/nauka/2000/05/05/artists/.
the rent for suitable places for hunting could lead to starvation and mass death of Neanderthals. An increase in mortality of only 1-2% can destroy a population in just 1000 years 39.
British archaeologists from Bradford University examined the chemical composition of the bones left over from five Neanderthals and eight modern people who lived in the territory of modern Britain, the Czech Republic and Russia - from 28 to 20 thousand years ago, and found that the rivals had different diets. It turned out that along with the meat of mammals, modern people used to eat fish, shellfish and river birds, while Neanderthals were exclusively meat of large herbivores - venison or mammoth. But they did not always come across, the climate changed, some species of animals disappeared, hunting was not always successful.
In the disappearance of Neanderthals, K. Stringer from the Museum of Natural History in London believes, in addition to the higher level of development of the newly arrived tribes, the instability of climatic conditions is also to blame. “About 30 thousand years ago,” Stringer explains, “there was a significant deterioration in the climate, which became especially harsh.” The amount of vegetation decreased, and with it the number of animals for hunting decreased. And as a result, the population of Neanderthals began to decline. A Homo sapienshad better guns for hunting and a good social organization. The fate of the unfortunate Neanderthals was a foregone conclusion 40.
Neanderthals could not switch to another diet, as they were highly specialized creatures. This could destroy them. It turned out that in difficult times, modern people could kill themselves with fish, and Neanderthals remained without food, weakened and died. The phosphorus contained in the fish developed the brain, made the Cro-Magnons even more intelligent, flexible and able to adapt to difficult situations. They learned how to make traps and, perhaps, set up primitive cap-
Sidebar
Neanderthals did not die out
Genetics again cast doubt on the prevailing theory of origin Homo sapiens,stating that we are all descendants of ancient people who left Africa about 100 thousand years ago and settled the rest of the world. Most scientists agree that about 1.8 million years ago the first "great outcome" occurred - the ancestors of modern man began to spread throughout the Earth. The question is, what happened next? Until recently, it was believed that the “second wave” of resettlement, which, as already mentioned, happened 100 thousand years ago, crowded out more and more ancient local populations, including Neanderthals living in Europe. Ameri-
kan genetics, during the study of the human genome, announced that they were able to detect traces of intergeneric crosses. In other words, the more ancient ancestors of the anthropoids did not just become extinct, but partially became related to representatives of the “second wave”. Thus, there is reason to believe that Neanderthals also, in fact, did not die out completely. Now it remains to be seen on what scale this crossing occurred. Earlier scientific data indicated just the complete replacement of the population of ancient continents by the “second wave" of immigrants from Africa, and even now some scientists believe that the issue of crossbreeding should be considered open. A source:www.membrana.ru
"9 Neanderthals. - http://srubnik.boom.ru/2.htm. 4" Bagnone J.Decree. Op.
canans for small animals, the hunting of which, perhaps, is not as dangerous as the hunting of mammoths, and brings not so many reserves, but it sharply increases the chances of survival 41.
Cro-Magnons who appeared in the Old World about 100 thousand years ago, after a long displacement from East Africa, according to J. Bagnone 42, could bring with them new diseases that destroyed the former inhabitants of the continent, Neanderthals, approximately the same as happened with the appearance conquerors in the New World. Or maybe the newly arrived Africans, being physically weaker, had some kind of secret weapon? There is no exact answer to this question, but only various hypotheses.
Be that as it may, but the clash of two evolutionary branches - Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons - should be considered the first global war in world history, which lasted 10 thousand years in some regions of Europe and 5 thousand years in others. Its consequences predetermined the further path of human civilization, and possibly the fate of the entire planet.
Cro-Magnon Man 43
Appearance and resettlement
The transition to the Upper Paleolithic was marked by population Homo sapiens sapiensnot only in the European Region, but also in Australia and America, which at that time were still connected with Asia by land. About 35-40 thousand years ago in Europe, still densely populated by Neanderthals, unexpectedly new inhabitants appeared. Paleontological data show that they came from Africa through Asia Minor. In the place of the first find of their remains - the Cro-Magnon grotto in the south of France (1868) - they were named cro-Magnons.They lived here 10 thousand years ago and used very sophisticated stone technology, in particular a special stone lamp.
Judging by the anatomical features, these were people of a modern type. In fact, Cro-Magnon is our distant genetic ancestor - the first representative of the species Homo sapiens sapienson the ground. In domestic science Homo sapiens sapiensit is also customary to call neoanthropes (new people) and distinguish them from paleanthropes (ancient people), which include Neanderthals. Sometimes people of the modern type are called sapient, or simply sapiens.
However, anthropologists continue to argue about the exact date of the appearance of the modern type of people. Some argue, and not without reason, that a person of a modern type is much older than previously thought. Confirm
41 Neanderthals are enemies of our ancestors (2001). - http://old.topnew.ru/science/may/22050l/neandert.htm.
42 Bagnone J.Decree. Op.
43 Sources:Chronology of Humanity (CD version, 1997); At the dawn of human history. M., 1989; Muravnik G.L.Decree. Op. - http://www.synergia.itn.ru/kerigma/rek-lit/nauka/stat/par-cliel.litm; http: //schools.techno.ra/sch75X/antropogenez/w9.htm; Stringer C, McKie R.African exodus: The origin of modernhumanity. N.Y., 1998; Gould S.J.Mismeasure of man. N.Y., 1981; http://user.cityline.ru/~hronos/istgeo/11 .htm; http://scliools.techno.ru/sch758/antropogenez/w9.htm.
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this is awaited by finds recently discovered in Africa. In East Africa, a parking lot was discovered for people who lived here 125 thousand years ago, around which a large amount of oysters, shells, and crabs are scattered. Today it is the oldest settlement of people within the coastline. Robert Walter and his colleagues found stone tools there that could have been used to split shells. In addition, skeletons of elephants and hippos were found nearby. It is possible that in this way, moving along the coast, a person gradually moved to Europe. It is estimated that the rate at which people moved was a mile per year. Maybe the ancestors of the Cro-Magnons came to France so leisurely 44.
Having thoroughly mastered Africa about 100-125 thousand years ago, the Cro-Magnons first moved to Asia and only later to Europe. Moreover, the Cro-Magnons appeared in Asia even before the Neanderthals got there: the first settled in Asia 92 thousand years ago, and the second only 60 thousand years ago. Having lived in Asia for more than 50 thousand years, Cro-Magnons for some reason migrated to Europe. It happened 35-40 thousand years ago. It was here that the “Asian refugees” were discovered by anthropologists tens of thousands of years later. They called them the first Europeans - neoanthropes (new people) and Cro-Magnons (as befits in scientific circles - at the place of discovery).
The oldest Upper Paleolithic settlement in northeastern Europe, served by P. Pavlova 45, is Mamontova Kurya, located at 66 ° N in the middle course of the Mustache. The settlement was opened in 1992. Its age is about 35 thousand years. The first non-utilitarian object was found in the cultural layer in the Pechora Paleolithic - a mammoth tusk with groups of paired notches. Thus, in the early period of the Upper Paleolithic, northeast Europe was developed by tribes that penetrated subarctic latitudes from the center of the East European Plain. Most likely, the reasons for migration are the natural and environmental conditions that developed 40-30 thousand years ago in the region. At this time, in the center and in the northeast of the Russian Plain, an extensive area was formed with close climatic conditions. The prevailing type of landscape in this area was the tuncifolia abounded in large herd mammals. Hunting horses, bison, reindeers and mammoths was the basis of the economy of the Paleolithic man. Therefore, when moving north, hunters do not
44 Maximov N.The first artists of the Earth. - http://old.vesti.ru/nauka/2000/05/05/artists/. 4: 1 Pavlov P.The initial human settlement of the tundra zone of northeastern Europe // Bulletin of the Institute of Biology. 1999. No. 16.
left their usual living conditions, although to the north the climate was somewhat colder and much drier. An important factor contributing to the colonizing migration was a powerful center of development of the Upper Paleolithic culture in the center of the Russian Plain. There is no doubt that in the period from 35 to 25 thousand years in the subarctic latitudes of northeastern Europe there was a permanent population. However, dramatic changes took place 25 thousand years ago: a sharp cooling, the most significant for the entire Late Pleistocene, forced the Paleolithic population to leave the northeast of the Russian
the plains. With a high degree of certainty, it can be argued that in the period from 24 to 19 thousand years ago, there was no permanent population in the territory of northeast Europe or it was not for 
selenium in general.
Until recently, it was believed that neoanthropes, having arrived in Europe from Asia, immediately destroyed all the Neanderthals and occupied their ecological, and then social niche. But reality turned out to be more complicated. Science has clearly established that for at least 30 thousand years, Neanderthals and our direct ancestors Cro-Magnons lived side by side, in the same places in Europe. And if so, then, despite the genetic differences, marriages could be concluded between them and, despite the social differences, trade and exchange relations. In any case, archaeologists have found examples of borrowing technical inventions and hunting methods of some species of people from others.
So, the culture of the scraper and the tips were everywhere associated with Neanderthals (paleanthropes). But Cro-Magnon people in the middle of the Stone Age (Middle Paleolithic) widely used the same tools, and Neanderthals, on the contrary, used more advanced techniques in a number of places. Apparently, the paleanthropes not only borrowed a new technique for making stone tools for them, but also improved their own. Relatively recently, anthropologists discovered a culture of scraper and tip, characteristic of European Neanderthals, and called it Moustier (at the site of the first find) 46. In France, in a number of places, it was replaced by a more perfect culture of chatelperron, which was attributed to neoanthropic aliens. But in the same France (Saint-Sevres), the tools of Chatelle Perron culture were found with the skeletal remains of a Neanderthal who lived recently - 35 thousand years ago.
Some anthropologists, however, continue to insist that 40 thousand years ago, people of the European type, Cro-Magnons, settled Europe, having killed or ousted the primitive Neanderthals (there was no confusion). A comparison of the fossil remains of Cro-Magnons with the modern inhabitants of Europe seems to give no reason to speak of biological progress. However, the latest results of genetic analysis, as we said above, demonstrate just the opposite.
4 (1 Neoanthropes. - http://schools.techno.ru/scli758/antropogenez/w8.htm.
Appearance
The first real Europeans were people of high (170-180 cm) stature, practically no different from us, with large, roughly-beautiful features of broad faces, slender, strong physique. They were even slightly taller than modern Scots or Scandinavians, more powerful and had 10% more brain volume. They had an elongated narrow skull and a distinct, slightly pointed chin, which gave the lower part of the face a triangular shape. The nose protruded noticeably forward, and the high forehead was rounded. A similar anthropological type is still found in living people in the Balkans and the Caucasus. Subsequently, the remains of people of this type were found in many places in Europe, in our country, from the Crimean caves to Sungir near the city of Vladimir.
According to linguists, the structure of the nose, mouth, and pharynx indicates that they could make clear and varied sounds. Among the ancient and most ancient ancestors of man, Cro-Magnons can perhaps be called the first speakers, masters of the spoken word.
Living side by side for 30 thousand years (and this is much more than human civilization exists), Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons gradually began to resemble each other not only in social order or hunting techniques, in the tools used, but also in appearance. So says Robert Dilts, director of the Neuro-Linguistic Program at NLP University(New York). Anatomically, Neanderthals in many ways resembled Cro-Magnons, with one exception. Neanderthals, who appeared tens of thousands of years earlier than Cro-Magnons, were generally physically stronger and had a slightly larger brain volume (the brain of Neanderthals was 10% larger than ours). The main difference between the two groups, however, was the degree to which they displayed the necessary diversity. The law of necessary diversity is the decisive factor that determined the different historical fates of Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons:
On all Neanderthal settlements (sites) found in Europe, Asia, North Africa, almost the same type of tools were found. These tools consisted mainly of turned stones or wooden piercing peaks ... obviously, Neanderthals did not have art objects.
Cro-Magnon settlements were characterized by the uniqueness and variety of tools found, jewelry and other artifacts. In addition to a variety of stone tools, Cro-Magnons made weapons and utensils from bones and deer horns, bows and arrows, nets made of rope. Cro-Magnons constantly invented new things, adapting to their environment and starting from previous inventions. Neanderthals were incapable or perhaps unwilling to produce new things or adapt. Neither time nor location could force them to diversify their life style: the subsequent extinction of Neanderthals and the spread of Cro-Magnons and the appearance of modern man are directly related to their inherent degree of necessary diversity. Neanderthals were not able to adapt both to environmental changes, and to their neighbors - Cro-Magnons 47.
According to Darwin's theory, man has come a long way in his development - from a monkey to a modernHomo sapiens. And since evolution is a very long time process, the "intelligent" person has undergone many changes along the way: Australopithecus - the oldest people - ancient people (Neanderthals), modern people (Cro-Magnons). And all would be fine, but recent discoveries have shown that Grandfather Darwin was not always right. For example, the fact that Neanderthals and Homo sapiens inhabited the Earth at the same time did not fit into his theory. It was 40 thousand years ago.
Scientists from the University of Tel Aviv, having studied the remains of both types of humans, came to the conclusion that there are many striking differences between them. And this, in turn, suggests that these species originated from different ancestors. Differences appear even in the external structure. Neanderthals, who ate exclusively meat, had a larger liver (a small liver of a rational person would not have digested such an amount of protein). Accordingly, the kidneys, bladder and entire pelvic part of Neanderthals were noticeably larger. And their muscle mass was 30-40 percent more than that of a reasonable person.
The average growth of a Neanderthal was, according to various scientists, from 165 to 180 centimeters. A man of this type had a large skull, protruding superciliary arches, which often merged into a roller, and a very low forehead. Scientists note a very similar structure among modern Eskimos who live in the very north of the continent.
The Mexican paleontologist, Professor Eric Trinkaus and his colleagues found that the brain volume of a Neanderthal was approximately 1900 cm³, while in a reasonable person it does not exceed 1300 cm³. However, scientists have proved that mental capacity is affected not so much by the volume of the brain, but by the features of its development. So, researchers at the Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig found that in infancy, the brain sizes of Neanderthal and Nomo sapiens are practically indistinguishable. But as individuals mature in a rational person, the parietal and temporal parts of the head begin to actively increase, but this does not happen in the Neanderthal man, his head increased in size proportionally.
Nevertheless, scientists believe that Neanderthals were quite highly developed. Thus, the tools found at the sites of their parking often often exceeded the quality of the tools of a reasonable person. Moreover, the found skeletons of people with traces of bone fractures showed that up to 70 percent of fractures were skillfully cured. That is, the Neanderthals had their skillful chiropractors. Eric Trinkaus after a comparative analysis of the remains of Neanderthals and Nomo sapiens argues that there is not a single evidence that would indicate the primitiveness or backwardness of Neanderthals.
Everything is much more complicated with the structure of DNA. To this day, anthropologists from around the world argue whether Neanderthals crossed with a reasonable person. Obviously, if this happened, then these were isolated cases: even once the remains in the caves did not indicate that both of these human species lived there at the same time.
Neanderthals who came from the north of Western Europe were cannibals. For those whom scientists call a reasonable person, this was not the case. By the way, Nomo sapiens came to Eurasia from Africa - the continent, which he, after several tens of thousands of years, turned into a part of the world inhabited by cannibalistic tribes.
Neanderthals and Nomo sapiens had the rudiments of culture. But, according to German scientists, the “cultural explosion” occurred when both individuals met as a result of the warming and retreat of the great glaciers. Probably, they nevertheless recognized peers in two-legged creatures and began to try to stand out in every possible way: somehow mark their sites, isolate themselves at least externally. It was then that the flowering of rock paintings, jewelry in the form of beads, feathers, claws and all that nature could present began. But that is why Neanderthals became extinct, scientists cannot establish until now. But Nomo sapiens got its name not because it was much smarter, but because it survived.
It is no coincidence that the Cro-Magnon man all unanimously also called "modern man." (Bearing in mind, of course, the modern Caucasoid.) The name "Cro-Magnon" is conditional: it is from the place of Cro-Magnon in France, where the first such skeleton was found. There is no biological reason not to call the Cro-Magnon the early Caucasoid — or you and me the late Cro-Magnon. If the question of the direct origin of blacks from Neanderthals is not yet posed very confidently (more confidently about the origin of Australoids from them; we are personally sure of both), then there is no doubt. Each representative of the European peoples and even some other (later) ones can say: Cro-Magnon is my great-great-great-great-grandfather.
This was understood already at the dawn of anthropology. The great German anthropologist Alexander Ecker (1818-1887) in the 60s of the XIX century discovered the skulls of the "northern type" in the graves of Southern Germany and established their identity with the skulls of modern Germans. Skulls of pure “northern type” everywhere in Scandinavia and Northern Germany were also discovered by the largest Swedish anthropologist Anders Retzius (1796-1860). It was on the basis of these numerous craniological series that it was suggested that the modern "northern type" in its structure dates back to the Cro-Magnon type of Paleolithic Europe. The classic of the French anthropological school Arman de Catherine (1810-1892) even called the ancient Cro-Magnon blond in the modern sense of the word. Ideally erect, very tall (average height 187 cm) and large-headed (brain volume from 1600 to 1900 cm?), They, like us, had a straight forehead, a high cranial arch, and a sharply protruding chin. Over time, having discovered the fingerprints of ancient sculptors on clay figures of the Paleolithic era, scientists established their complete racial identity with the modern Caucasoid.
Craniology data is a serious argument, as has already been said a lot. Therefore, they deserve not only trust, but also special attention and reflection on the data of science on the distribution of the Cro-Magnon skull across the globe.
As Eugen Fisher wrote in his work “Race and the emergence of races in humans” (1927): “One of the most justified hypotheses is that the Nordic race originated from the Cro-Magnon race, the builders of megaliths, dolmen burials in Scandinavia, Denmark, etc. According to the mentioned hypothesis , the Nordic race arose as a result of the modification of the Late Paleolithic race in the North as the presently inhabited places were freed from ice. The Nordic race arose here, at the same time it acquired its typical qualities. This is the best explanation of the origin of the Nordic race. ” Let us leave in this passage the question of the place of ethnogenesis of the Cro-Magnon for further discussion (as standing outside the competence of anthropologists) and accept the main thing: the Caucasians settled the North precisely as Cro-Magnon modifiers.
Were they already then divided into racial subtypes? Did subtypes already begin linguistic isolation? There is no doubt that sooner or later this happened. Darwin’s doctrine declares this quite reasonably: the consequence of natural selection is the divergence of signs. This means that one parent species can give rise to several new species. The waves of migrations from North to South, which were carried out by Cro-Magnons periodically throughout the entire foreseeable historical and prehistoric retrospective, are talking about exactly the same thing. Figuratively speaking, the Cro-Magnons up to the twentieth century AD “quanta” were sprayed to the South, East and West from their northern ecological niche as it overflowed.
But of course they did not call themselves Cro-Magnons. What were the names of the expansive "quanta"? They are called different sources in different ways, and we will omit the names of many forgotten today. In the Middle Ages, New and Modern, these, for example, were Germans, Spaniards, English, French, Dutch, Belgians, Russians. In more distant times - Franks, Vikings, Goths, Normans, Lombards. Before them - Germans, Celts, Huns, Scythians, Slavs. Before them are the Etruscans, proto-Hellenes, proto-thaliks. The Indo-Aryans are before them, the Proto-Iranians are before them, the Hittites are before them ... They all spoke the languages \u200b\u200bof the Indo-European group, but during the time elapsed from the "quantum" to the "quantum", they managed to mutate to the utter impossibility of understanding.
Always “from top to bottom”, always from North to South, one after another wave of mass migrations (“invasions”), represented by all new descendants of the Cro-Magnon, rolled. At the same time, the late wave often rolled over to the early one; a fratricidal war broke out, all the more terrible because the warriors no longer saw each other as brothers, because time and mestizats with counter races and peoples sometimes unrecognizably changed their appearance and language. Brother did not recognize and did not understand brother. One "quantum" spoke Hittite, the other in Sanskrit, the third in Zend and Avestan languages, the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh in Greek, Latin, Finnish, Slavic ... Language barriers have already become rigid, and racial subtypes are the result of crossbreeding - already developed: how was it to restore kinship? In those days, it had never occurred to anyone to measure skulls to solve this problem!
The skulls were measured in Modern times - and gasped: the descendants of the Cro-Magnon, it turns out (judging by the protonordic skulls in the graves), they reached Central Africa, India, Oceania and Polynesia, not to mention Siberia, the Urals, Altai, Kazakhstan, China, Central Asia, Pamir and the whole Mediterranean, including North Africa and Western Asia. Etc.
Today, these descendants bear a variety of names, speak different languages, do not understand each other and are not considered related. But they all came from the Great Northern Platform, all have a common ancestor - Cro-Magnon.
WHERE did the Neanderthals go
As everyone knows, Neanderthals once inhabited all of Europe except Scandinavia and northern Russia: their remains are found in England, Germany, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, southern Russia (in Scythian barrows), etc. These are autochthons, old-timers of Europe. They were found in Central and Southeast Asia, and in Southern Siberia, in China, in the Crimea, in Palestine, in Africa (up to distant Rhodesia) and on the island of Java. We will not touch on the question of how they got there or where they came from. Different experts date the age of a Neanderthal in different ways: according to one source, it is 50-100 thousand years old, according to others, it is less reliable - as much as 200, 250 and even 300 thousand years. For now, it’s enough for us to take note of the thesis: “Anthropologists ascertain the presence of three variants of fossil humans in Europe during the mentioned period of anthropogenesis: 1) Neanderthals; 2) people of the modern type; 3) intermediate forms ”, specifying that by modern man we mean a Cro-Magnon man, and by intermediate forms a hybrid of the first two, and by no means a“ transitional link ”.
The first Neanderthal man was found near Düsseldorf in 1856. In 1997, researchers from the University of Munich analyzed the DNA of the remains of this very first Neanderthal man. The age of the find was determined to be 50 thousand years. A study of 328 identified nucleotide chains led the paleontologist S. Paabo to the conclusion: the differences in genes between Neanderthals and modern man are too large to be considered their relatives. This idea was confirmed by the research of M. Ponce de Leon and K. Zollikofer (University of Zurich), who compared the skulls of a two-year-old Neanderthal man and a little Cro-Magnon corresponding to the age. The conclusion was unequivocal: these skulls formed completely differently.
In the appearance of Neanderthals there were features very different from the Cro-Magnon ones, but still characteristic of the Negroid and Australoid races: the chin pressed back, large superciliary arches, very massive jaws. The Neanderthal man had a larger brain than the Cro-Magnon, but with a different configuration. The imperfection and small size of the frontal lobes of the brain was brightened by the presence of convolutions, indicating a certain development of mental abilities. In the interspecific struggle, such a brain did not become an advantage over the Cro-Magnon, but there is hardly any reason to oppose the Neanderthals to the homo sapiens as a whole, since they undoubtedly had a mind. And the structure of their palate, lower jaw, lower left frontal lobe of the brain (the speech zone of modern man) is such that it allowed Neanderthals to master the speech, although not too rich phonetically, due to the lack of a chin protrusion. The average height of men was 1.65 m, women were 10 cm lower. At the same time, men weighed about 90 kg due to very strongly developed muscles and heavy, strong bones.
The whole corpses of Neanderthals (like the corpses of mammoths) did not survive, because they were not found in permafrost soils. There are only skeletons. Therefore, for sure we cannot judge the color of their skin today. In popular pictures and school books, Neanderthals are usually painted as white-skinned erect creatures covered with rare wool. But this coloring is not based on anything. A number of scientists today put forward a much more plausible hypothesis that Neanderthals were black. This is evidenced by the geographical localization of the Neanderthals closest to us in time, who lived mainly in Central and South Africa and Java, and the color of those modern races that are reasonably considered descendants of the Neanderthal: Negroids, Australoids, Dravids, etc. Enough " repaint ”the Neanderthal from the school table to black - and before us with all the conviction there will be a creature that is extremely similar in appearance to the named races. Not only the skin and appearance, but also much more, for example, the structure of the tibia and ankle bones (whose articular planes indicate a habit of squatting for a long time, which is not characteristic of Caucasians) makes the Neanderthal related to modern residents of the South of the Earth. It is very characteristic that among the remains of the Cro-Magnons found in the grottoes of Grimaldi (Italy), the so-called "Grimaldis", there are two skeletons characterized by some scientists as black, and others as Neanderthal.
Neanderthals, like Cro-Magnons, were people, they were radically different from the animal world. Although people are biologically completely different, much inferior to Cro-Magnon man. But nevertheless, the Neanderthals created their own culture, called Mousterian (Selsky and Acheulean): stone and bone chopped, scrapers, pointed, although not in such a wide assortment as Cro-Magnons, who created a dozen of two stone and bone “devices”. Neanderthals also knew fire, already 40 thousand years ago they buried their dead with honor in a primitive rite, honored the afterlife, practiced hunting magic. At the same time, they appeared primitive jewelry: pendants made of animal teeth. Scientists believe, however, that they could adopt the custom of decorating themselves from Cro-Magnons. In any case, this is no longer characteristic of anyone in the animal kingdom. But Neanderthals, unlike Cro-Magnons, did not leave works of art (rock paintings, sculptures made of bones and burnt clay).
The relationship between Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons was not idyllic. On the sites of Neanderthals, carefully fragmented and gnawed bones of not only big game, but also precisely processed bones of Cro-Magnons, that is, the ancestors of modern people, are found. And vice versa: in the sites of the Cro-Magnons, the fragmented bones of Neanderthals were found. The two proto-straits fought an irreconcilable war between themselves, a war of annihilation, of "destruction", as the Bible would put it. What war was accompanied, as fossil skeletons irrefutably testify, by racial confusion, most likely violent.
For about ten thousand years, the fierce confrontation of the two protoras in the same territory lasted; but by the end of this period (about 40 thousand years ago), the Cro-Magnons ousted Neanderthals from Europe almost completely. Thirty thousand years ago, their remains still lived in the area of \u200b\u200bGibraltar, in the Pyrenees and mountains of Dalmatia. But in general, the "race of the vanquished" rolled further south into Western Asia and the Mediterranean, where the confrontation continued for many millennia.
As already quite reliably established, Cro-Magnons did not occur and could not come from Neanderthals. But they could mix with them (we emphasize and confirm this once again), “improving the breed”. Moreover, both on his own initiative and in addition to it, depending on the outcome of a particular interracial skirmish. If the men who were captured were in danger of being eaten, the fate of women could be completely different. A study of the Tasmanians, “stuck” in the Stone Age until their disappearance in the 19th century, showed that the tribal relations of the Paleolithic people, in addition to diplomacy, trade and war, certainly include the abduction of women. The breed of Neanderthals during the crossbreeding clearly improved, the breed of Cro-Magnon people equally deteriorated, but in one way or another, the process was so intense, lengthy and mutual in nature that it led, as already mentioned, to the formation of new ethnic groups and even races of the second order.
In his article “The Problem of Detecting Sapient and Neanderthal Lines in the Early Stages of Evolution” (Courier of the Petrovsky Kunstkamera. Issue 8–9, St. Petersburg, 1999), a prominent Russian scholar Yu. D. Benevolenskaya writes: more and more giving way to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe ousting of the former by a person of a modern type, which was accompanied by a crossbreeding between them.
Another outstanding domestic anthropologist A. A. Zubov in his article “Problems of intraspecific systematics of the genus homo in connection with modern ideas about the biological differentiation of mankind (Modern anthropology and genetics and the problem of races in humans. M., 1995) also indicates:“ We can talk about The “network-like" nature of the evolution of the genus homo at all stages of its evolution. It is important to note that the “network” could include various evolutionary “floors” that interacted with each other and made their genetic contribution to the common, single fund of the diversity of the evolving genus homo. ”
In other words, representatives of the “higher” human floors entered into sexual intercourse with representatives of the “lower”, Neanderthal, floors, as a result of which they brought forth mestizos, then numerically isolated to the level of entire peoples and races, which gave rise to the general evolutionary diversity of the genus homo.
The famous American biologist Anthony Barnett in his book “The Human Race” (M., 1968) also testifies that “people of the modern type appeared at about the same time, if not earlier than the Neanderthal man, and developed in parallel. The intermediate types between modern people and Neanderthals could be the result of either crossing, or the early phases of the divergence of Neanderthals from the line that led to modern man. "
In all likelihood, all territories, including Europe, where at one time or another both protorases — Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons lived at the same time — should be considered a mestization zone. Hybrid forms then continued to exist everywhere and give birth to offspring, crossing more and more with the dominant type - in Europe, the Cro-Magnon man became such as already 40 thousand years ago. Moreover, according to Darwin's theory, the signs of mixed forms as not provided for by natural selection (nature) in each generation were increasingly supplanted by the dominant signs of the Caucasoid, perceived over time as atavism. As a result, the Neanderthal traits among white Caucasians, although they are found to this day, are only rare. The closer to the south, the more often they are, and in the zone of Asia Minor and the Mediterranean, they either become dominant, or appear as hybrid ethnoses, which can be considered, for example, Semites, Ethiopians, Egyptians, Maghribines, etc. The mestizatsia is whimsically selective: if Ethiopians have black skin and Caucasoid facial features, while Semites, on the contrary, often have Negroid (Neanderthaloid) facial features with white or olive (“mulatto”) skin, etc.
It is not surprising that entire peoples-hybrids arose in this zone, because it was here that the finale of the Great Neanderthal War was played for at least ten thousand years, and the two proto-races, locked between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlas Mountains, continued to sort things out until until they completely dissolved into each other and broke up into fancifully combined, but moreover, fairly homogeneous secondary races and ethnic groups. (The dominant type in this case disappeared as such and the possibility of returning to it - reversion - was generally excluded, although periodically both of the original types necessarily appear, but only singly and fragmentarily.)
This, in particular, is narrated by the finds of archaeologists D. Garrod and T. McCone, made at the beginning of the 20th century in Palestine on Mount Carmel in the caves of Kozya (Shul) and Pechnaya (Tabun). The remains of ancient people were discovered there, separated in time by about ten thousand years: ancient ash in the Oven Cave - 40 thousand, and in Goat - 30 thousand years. During these ten thousand years, huge changes have taken place with the population inhabiting the area: the purely Neanderthal appearance gradually accumulated an increasing number of characteristic Cro-Magnon features. The closest to us in time, the inhabitants of the Schul cave have the largest number of Cro-Magnon characters (including an average height of 175 cm), while remaining, nevertheless, a hybrid.
Later, the conclusions made in the study of the Shul and Tabun caves were fully confirmed by new findings in the same geographical area and in the same temporary soil layers. Namely: in the 1930s. on Mount Cafeh near Nazareth, the remains of six Neanderthals were found with such characteristic Cro-Magnon differences as a high cranial vault, a rounded nape, etc. Similar finds were then made in the caves of Yabrud (Syria), Haua-Fteah (Libya), Jebel Irhud (Morocco) , Shanidar (Iraq). In 1963, a Japanese expedition found in Israel the skeleton of a whole Neanderthal man, but ... growing from a Cro-Magnon man (170 cm). Etc.
As we already know for sure, the Cro-Magnon man did not descend from the Neanderthal man. He fought with him to death, completely cleansed Europe of him (partly mixing with the enemy, but then squeezing out his residual features from himself for tens of thousands of years), but failed to repeat this feat in the Near East and the Mediterranean. Here, in this region, the first “melting pot” arose in history, in which both the “south-moving” echelons of the Cro-Magnons and those fleeing from them but unable to escape the Neanderthals found their new life.
Does this mean that from the ancient Neanderthals today only hybrid, intermediate or secondary forms remain, that they all completely disappeared into a stronger race of winners or simply died out, giving way to other races?
No, there is no reason for such pessimism.
The Atlas Mountains stopped the weary pursuers who found their cherished ideal, bequeathed by genes and tribal traditions, in the blessed climate of the Mediterranean: they had nowhere and no reason to strive further. But the persecuted who saved their lives seeped through the mountain barrier and gradually populated all of Africa and not only it. As a result, each protorace was entrenched in its range: the Cro-Magnons, who became Caucasians, were hosted, mainly in Europe; Neanderthals who became Negroids and Australoids, mostly in Africa, then in southern India (where the Cro-Magnon descendants of the so-called “Andronovites” - future “Indo-Arians” forced them out in the II millennium BC), in Australia, Tasmania etc.; and the world's first mixed race - at home, in Asia and the Mediterranean. This happened about 30 thousand years ago.
